Wikipedia card
Wolong National Nature Reserve
Brief introduction
WolongNational Nature Reserve in SichuanWenchuan County ofsouthwestQionglai mountainseast wing. Peak to the southwestSiguniangshan, altitude 6250 meters, 5000 meters above the nearbymountainswith 101 seats. Mountains, the terrain sloping from southwest to northeast, many streams. Average annual temperature of 8.9 ℃, the maximum temperature of 29.2 ℃, the lowest temperature of -8.5 ℃, annual precipitation is 931 mm. Originalforestdense, atthe Sichuan BasinandQinghai-Tibet Plateautransition zone, fromsubtropicaltotemperate,borealcreatures are distributed. Elevation of 1,600 meters below theevergreen broad-leaved forest; 1600 ~ 2000 m for the evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, evergreen with firefly glauca, Indian fishing camphor leaves, deciduous trees withwater, green tree,beech,maple, etc.; from 2000 to 2600 meters for theconifer, thehemlock, followed by the weeping spruce,red cedar, Sichuan, maple,linden, etc.; 2600 to 3600 meters sub-alpine coniferous forest toAbiesdominated a large area of forestbamboo; 3,500 meters abovealpine meadowand shrub. Different types of vegetation provides a habitat for many animals
Place.1963establishment of nature reserves. Area of 2 million hectares. 1983, joined the international "Man and Biosphere Programme. " The main object of protection is thegiant pandasand otherrare animalsand forest ecosystems.1980andthe World Wildlife Fundto establish cooperation in the Wolong China Giant Panda Protection and Research Center.
In 1980, the protected area to jointhe UNESCO"Man and the Biosphere" network of protected areas, and cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund, the establishment of China Giant Panda Protection and Research Center. 3, 1983, approved in State Department, the Wolong Wolong in Wenchuan County in protected areas, Geng up to two communes designated as WenchuanWolong Special Administrative Region, the implementation of Department of the provincial system of dual leadership, hosted by the Forestry Department. In the same year in July, the provincial government, the former Ministry of Forestry will be made jointly Sichuan Province Wenchuan Wolong Wolong in Sichuan Province Special Administrative Region to the decision of the Special Administrative Region, and the Wolong Nature Reserve Administration under one roof with an integrated management system.
Regional characteristics
The third largest NationalNature Reserve. Sichuan Province, the largest and most complex natural conditions, the largest nature reserve of rare plants and animals. Across the Wolong Reserve, Geng of the two townships, 52 km from east to west, 62 km from north to south, with a totalarea ofabout 70 million hectares. Southwest of the main Alpine forest protection of natural ecosystems and the giant pandas and other rare animals. In 1980 joined the United Nations International Network of Biosphere Reserves, isChina'sfirst Special Administrative Region of the natural resource conservation.
Wolong National Nature Reserve, founded in 1963, when an area of 20,000 hectares,in 1975, with an area expanded to 20 million hectares, is the establishment of the earliest and largest area of habitat to protect giant pandas and mountain forest ecosystem-based The comprehensive nature reserve, is the July 2006 General Assembly approved the World Heritage List of UNESCO World Natural Heritage "Wolong Siguniangshan Jiajin Mountains" Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries most important core protected areas. Wolong Nature Reserve, the "hometown of panda", "valuable biological gene bank", "Natural Botanical Garden" renowned Chinese and foreign.
The Chinese government in the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) established under the assistance of 13 giant panda nature reserve in Wolong Nature Reserve is the world's most famous one.In 1978, protected areas in the world's first giant panda Wildlife Observatory, Chinese and foreign scientists used radio tracking and other means, on the giant panda ecology, population and study giant panda bamboo staple and achieved gratifying results. 1983, joined the international "Man and Biosphere Programme." The main object of protection is the giant pandas and other rare animals and forest ecosystems. 1980 and the World Wildlife Foundation established in the Wolong China Giant Panda Protection and Research Center.
Wolong Nature Reserve, the unique geographical conditions, complex landforms, scenic, landscape diversity, climate, set mountains, water, forests, caves, insurance, Jun, extraordinary show in one, there are strong Tibetan and Qiang ethnic culture. The district has a sizable giant panda,lesser panda,golden monkeybreeding farms and other national protected animals; a world-famous "May Shed" giant panda observation station; a country so far to establish a single species dominated the museum Giant Panda Museum.
Over the years, the Wolong Nature Reserve to focus on building first-class national nature reserve targets, adhere to the protection and rational utilization of the principle of active protection, scientific research, community building work, the giant panda based wildlife and alpine ecology systems are effectively protected. China Giant Panda Protection Research Center since its inception, through the unremitting efforts, successful artificial breeding of giant pandas in captivity capture of the work in the "heat is difficult, difficult pregnancy breeding, cub survival is difficult," the three major difficulties, artificial breeding giant pandas 48 tires , 72 Aberdeen, Aberdeen, 59 survived, the infant survival rate has been 100% for 5 consecutive years. Total of 80 captive giant pandas, accounting for 60% of the world's captive population. Also training, training out of a giant panda in the world's most dynamic research team. Published 8 monographs and published more than 200 research papers have four by the Ministry, the provincial scientific and technological achievements, there are 5 people received awards outstanding scientific papers. And launched a worldwide giant panda adoption activities, protected areas, to actively seek foreign cooperation, the establishment of cooperation development. Currently, the effective development of regional economy and people's living standards have markedly improved,in 2004the per capita income reached 2,074.39 yuan region, an increase of 234.21 yuan more than in 2003. A fundamental improvement of infrastructure, construction and development of protected areas in line with China's national conditions to the direction of a virtuous circle.
Location
Wolong Nature Reserve is located in the west edge of the southeast slope Qionglai mountains, SichuanAbaTibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in south-east, the west side of Minjiang River Town in Wenchuan County, the Chengdu Plain to the mountain valley over the Tibetan Plateau area, east longitude 102 ° 52 '─ 103 ° 25 ', latitude 30 ° 45' ─ 31 ° 25 ', 60 km east to west, north to south and 63 km. Connecting the East and the Town in Wenchuan County, West and Baoxing, Xiaojin County on the south Dayi, Lushan County adjacent to the north andLi Countyand Township of Wenchuan County adjacent to grassland.
Geological structure
Wolong area in theLongmen Mountainssouth section, southeast of Qionglai mountain slope, the Sichuan Basin to the western Sichuan Plateau transition zone, its topography dominated by mountain ravine. Siguniang Mountain region is the highest mountain peak Qionglai, altitude 6250 meters. To Siguniangshan - Balang Shan is bounded to the east edge of the mountainous Sichuan Basin, west into the western Sichuan plateau.
1, the structural framework
Wolong area belongs to the Longmenshan tectonic belt of the south section of fold, by a series of parallel NE trending fold and fault components. The overall direction of the North belt of 40-50 degrees East. Inverted front and back are tight folds oblique, abdominal syncline, from northwest to southeast: the total reverse anticlinorium shed, reversed synclinorium three clips, Niutoushan reverse anticlinorium, copper tank overturned synclinorium, these fold surface of the crankshaft to 30-60 degrees for the North East, axial sections tend to vary greatly in different, sometimes to tend to the northwest, sometimes to tend to the southeast, was a distortion of curved surfaces, angle of 40-60 degree range. Front and oblique and ventral wings are second a syncline with the tendency of small anticlines and small syncline complicated.
NE trending fault zone of the thrust fault, from northwest to southeast Browne Creek fault zone, Geng of fault, Yingxiu fault. The tendency of the main fault 300-330 degrees for the North West, dip 50-60 degrees, because it is squeezing thrust fault, so the fractured zone is developed. Also developed a set of vertical intersection of the main fault rupture and the tensile and torsional bias of the main fault rupture.
These faults and folds are basically controlled the Wolong area of landscape pattern
2, formation
Wolong area before the Paleozoic toMesozoicTriassicstratigraphic range, missing the MesozoicJurassic,CretaceousandCenozoicTertiarystrata. The distribution of strata bounded roughly by Browne River, southeast of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic to the main north-west.
Large area of southeastern exposedSilurianMaoxian Group metamorphic rocks, the rock is gray-green sericite phyllite, silver-gray folder sandy phyllite with thinquartziteand thin layers of crystalline lens limestone. Browne banded structure near the river haveDevonianand Carboniferous ─ Permian strata. The former is not bad gray, dark gray thin-bedded limestone, argillaceous limestone and carbonaceous sandstone rock face; the latter is in the thick-bedded limestone phyllite, carbonaceous phyllite, crystalline gray folder conglomerate rock. Sanjiangkou scattered along the Ordovician outcrop in the thick gray feldspar quartz sandstone, quartz sandstone and sandy slate.
Distribution of a large area northwest of Triassic strata, the rock is feldspar quartz sandstone, slate, carbonaceous phyllite, limestone and fine sandstone thin, anticlinal axis Devonian strata are exposed, and its lithology of carbonaceous phyllite, quartzite sandy phyllite folder, clastic limestone, with a small amount of Deng birth to a Carboniferous-Permian strata ─ ─ distribution, lithology carbonaceous phyllite, crystalline gray folder sandstone rock.
Quaternary loose deposits are fluvial deposits, debris flow deposits and tills. Fluvial deposits are mainly distributed in thong River valley and tributaries of the valley. Flowers mangrove ditch and Longyan ditch, Dawei Gou Gou Formation and other debris population distribution of a large number of debris flow. Browne sunny Ping River in the vicinity of ancient glacial valley, ancient glacier River Valley is the distribution of ancient moraines, while the development of the modern valley glaciers and modern tills.
In addition, the Wolong area distribution of a large area northeast of the Chengjiang ─ ─ Jinningian diorite, granodiorite. Western Siguniangshan a granite outcrop with Yanshan.
Topographic feature
1, the terrain:large landscape Wolong Nature Reserve is in the west edge of one of the original mountain, at the southeast foot of Qionglai north, the topography of the decrease from northwest to southeast, Browne River from the southwest to the northeast of protected areas will be divided into two protected areas block, northwest of Grand River peak, deep valleys, most of the peaks over 4000 meters above sea level. In the north-west along the edge to Siguniangshan Balang Shan, Li County and the northern border of the mountain with an elevation of 5,000 meters in height, form a natural barrier. Hundred peaks over 5000 meters seat, within the peak - Siguniangshan up to 6250 meters, the second highest peak in Sichuan Province, Browne River southeast, the terrain is relatively flat, except for a few peaks, but generally not more than 4000 meters above sea level, south-east River basin in the river and most of 2000 meters above sea level in the east elevation of the lowest wood Jiang Ping, only 1150 meters.
2, valley form:by the impact of terrain, rivers, protected areas generally east from the northwest Nanliu, valleys and diverse forms, the main rivers: Browne River, the river valley Gengda fault zone along the extrusion of development, cross rock loose, easily erosion, an ever-widening valley, the formation of broad valleys, and often there are five sections of terrace development. Ditch some of its tributaries such as the hero, Yin Changgou and other rivers along the vertical fracture under tensile shear, steep bedrock sides to form a valley, at an altitude of 3,000 meters above the upper reaches of the valley, along the glacial valley development, the upper part of the formation of "U" shaped valley, The dissolution of the lower cut by the river, forming "V" shaped valley, a combination of ")" shape was Hegu. The region above the main valley and the hillside slopes, the distribution of four denuded planation surface, which are 2000-2200 m above sea level ,2400-2500 meters ,2800-2850 m ,3000-3100 meters, although they cut erosion surface small in size, but the terrain is flat and has a thick layer of weathered residual slope sediments, surface development of thick yellow brown silty soil, bamboo grows well, forming the core of most of the activities of the regional giant panda.
3, mountain form:protected area at an altitude of 4,000 meters below the mountain, is the role of water in the low mountains, due to the impact of lithology, mountain shape changing from crystalline limestone, multi-form-like mountain peaks; composed of sandy slate by the child, the form of a typical comb-like mountain; the jagged ridge, far seems Longbei, Wolong is so named. 4000-5000 meters above sea level the mountain is the mountain frost weathering, the exposed rock foundation, more cliffs, the lower part of the formation of debris down slope or rubble, and the distribution of ancient glaciers, ancient cirque is also divided into four levels, 4000-4200 meters above sea level respectively by ,4350-4450 m ,4500-4540 m ,4620-4660 meters. After the glacial retreat in some areas, cirque water into the lake, has been that a question. More than 5000 meters above sea level the mountain is covered by ice year-round, extremely strong role of the modern glacier mountain peak Siguniangshan andolder girls to the mountains,two girls Hill,three girls mountainare pyramid-shaped horn, stand tall in protected areas northwest edge.
River system
Wolong Nature Reserve in the water was relatively independent of the state, all the major rivers and their tributaries originate in protected areas, was Shucha like branches, and from west to east out of protected areas, river flow and water quality depends entirely on the natural conditions of the region and human activities. Browne River originates Balang Shan Dong Lu, from southwest to northeast from the center of protected areas across the whole section about 60 km, near the North River in the protected area training, originated Siguniangshan east slope, is about 45 km, River to the confluence of the mill Mizoguchi and Browne, said Gengda River (also known as Yuzixi). Yingxiu by injection at the Minjiang Gengda total length of about 34 km, 22 km long area. River is located in protected areas in the southeast of the first rock and Niutoushan Qi originated a total length of 30 km. River Conservation Area is located in the south, originated in Ma On Shan, 37 km in length, three in the river estuary and confluence, the said county Jiang (also known as Shou River), into the Minjiang River mouth in the swirling. This region depends mainly on rainfall water, forests and snow melt water supply reservoir. Four Seasons long stream throughout the year.
Climate Type
Wolong Nature Reserve is the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climate zone, because of their geographical location and topography, the formation of a typical inland mountainous subtropical climate, the westerly jet and the South Branch of the southeast monsoon weather in the district during the main winter months (November to next April) in the dry and cold under the influence of the South Branch of the westerly jet stream, the weather was more sunny and dry air flow in the process of advance and retreat, often forming snow or rain, humid summer months down the river on the southeast monsoon, Alpine air flow experience rich meet to form slope precipitation, and thus warm and humid. With the elevation increased, from the valley to the summit formed a sub-tropical (2000 m) temperate (2000-2600 m) in cold temperate (2600-3600 m) cold (3600-4400 m) in alpine zone (4400-5000 m) high mountain chilling snow zone (above 5,000 meters), and other vertical zone spectrum of different climate. "Mountain has four seasons, different weather in different" This sentence reflects the climatic characteristics in Wolong: Protected Areas Authority, Sandy Bay Weather Station (elevation 1920 m) of the observation data shows that the region's annual average relative humidity of 80.3% winter months (November to next April) to 75.5% in summer months (May-October) was 84.8%, frost-free period 180-200 days, the average annual temperature of 8.5 ± 0.5 ℃, 7 monthly mean temperature of 17.1 ± 0.8 ℃, January average temperature of -0.9 ± 2 ℃, 950 ± 100 years, the number of sunshine hours, annual precipitation 890 ± 100mm.
Soil type
Wolong Nature Reserve, changing soil development conditions, the vertical of climate and vegetation change, from the valley to the summit, formed from the subtropical to the periglacial environment of various soil types.
1, the mountain yellow soil:growth in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, located 1150-1600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sand, quartz sand, organic matter content of 15-20%, PH is 5.8-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg the main exchange capacity of 40-50 meq / 100 g soil, soil surface litter 3-6 cm thick.
2, the mountain yellow brown soil:growth in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, the distribution of 1600-2000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, organic matter content of 10%, PH is 5.8-6.5 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg-based, exchange capacity of 20-50 meq / 100 grams of soil, soil surface litter thickness of 10 cm.
3, mountain brown soil:growth in the secondary broad-leaved and mixed coniferous forest, 1900-2300 m above sea level distribution, soil parent materials for the sandy slate, phyllite, quartz sand sculpture, organic matter content of 2-8% PH is 6-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity of 20-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, litter thickness of 10-15 cm.
4, the mountain dark brown soil:developed in broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and distribution 2100-2600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as phyllite, sandstone, slate, soil organic matter content of 5-15%, PH is 5.2-5.7, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 15-20 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 20 cm.
5, mountain brown coniferous forest soil:developed in the coniferous forest, distributed elevation of 2600-3600 meters, soil parent materials of sandstone, slate, phyllite, organic matter content of 8-24%, PH is 4-6.0 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 10-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 25 centimeters.
6, five alpine meadow soil:developed in the cold alpine shrub and meadow vegetation in vaginal discharge, distribution ofelevation of3600-3900 meters, soil parent material is sandstone, phyllite, quartz sand, organic matter content of 18%, PH 5.7 -6.1, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity equivalent to 32 mg / 100 grams of soil, soil gravel content of 70% or so.
7, alpine meadow soil:development of vaginal discharge in the alpine meadow, distribution 3900-4400 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, about 19% of soil organic matter content, PH is 5.8-6.3, cation exchange to Ca, Mg, Na main exchange capacity of 10-39 meq / 100 g soil, gravel content in soil more than 70%.
8, alpine cold desert soil:development of sparse vegetation in the alpine scree vaginal discharge, distribution of 4400-5000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, soil organic matter content of 1-3%, PH is 6.8-7.0 , cation exchange with K, Ca-based, soil gravel content of 80% or more.
Plants
Wolong Nature Reserve covering an area of 118,000 hectares, accounting for 56.7% of the total area protected, shrub cover an area of about 30,400 ha, resulting in complex natural conditions of plant species and community diversity.
1, the natural vegetation:Wolong Nature Reserve, ancient origin of flora, with more endemic genera and sub relic plants. According to the plant species composition and physical characteristics of vegetation, the vegetation Wolong 6 can be divided into the following types:
(1) evergreen broad-leaved forest:1600 m above sea level located in the following sections, the main constructive species of Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae and holly plants. Forest with a small amount of the Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae Aceraceae deciduous broad-leaved species such as the understory of white folder with a large area of bamboo (Phyllostachys nidularia) oil bamboo (Fargesia angustissima) and the walking stick bamboo (Fargesia rebusta), evergreen vegetation appearance , no significant seasonal variation.
(2) evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest:distribution at an altitude of 1600-2000 meters in the lot, dominant species, are evergreen Fagaceae, Lauraceae and other species, leaves are Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Aceraceae, etc. species, local area Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) dove (Davidia involucrata) water Aoki (Te tracentron sinense) Euptelea (Euptelea pleiospermum) and other rare plants associated with the ancient relic, the lower the stick of bamboo-based forest vegetation appearance of the season changed significantly, dark green and light green and white spring and summer, autumn is green, yellow, red, brown and other colors tainted all winter only a small amount of green canopy decorated in white world.
(3) needle, broad-leaved mixed forest:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 2000-2600 meters, the constructive species, the tree species are red birch (Betul albo-sinensis) maple tree (Acer spp.)possession of thorn hazel(Corylus forox) linden Tree (Ti lia chinensis) and so on, coniferous trees are Tsuga (Tsuga spp.) Table hanging fir (Picea brachytyla) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mastersiana) pine (Pinus spp.), etc., are widely distributed in the understory of bamboo cane, local area big bamboo (Yushania ch ungii) cold bamboo (Bashania fangiana), a significant seasonal variation of the appearance of vegetation, spring and summer were light green, the colorful spots À autumn to early winter, constitute a major scene in Wolong Nature Reserve.
(4), cold temperate coniferous forest:Distribution of 2600-3600 meters above sea level the lot, built a table hanging fir species, a variety of fir (Abies spp.) side branches Park (Sabina saltuaria) Sichuan red fir, large forest cold bamboo area, the region accounts for about 50% of the total area of bamboo in some areas there are large bamboo, Fargesia nitida (Fargesia nifida), appearance of dark green vegetation, the season did not change significantly.
(8), hardy shrub and alpine meadow:Distribution of 3600-4400 meters above sea level, cold and bushes of purple rhododendron D (Rhododendron violaceum) in Ngau Tau willow (Salix dissa) twigs Spiraea (Spiraea myrtlloides) West Bank Lu Mei ( Potentilla glabra) andCedar(Sabina pingil) mainly alpine meadow are: toPolygonum(Polygonum viviparum) consisting mainly of weeds meadow tofescue(Festuca ov ina) consisting mainly of grass meadow to dwarf humilis (Kobresia humilis) dominated sedge meadow, summer blossom scenery.
(6) rocky mountain streams with sparse vegetation:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 4400-5000 meters, mainly by hairy, fleshy herb short composition, such as a variety of Saussurea (Saussurea spp.) variety of cheap, ear grass (Saxifrag a spp .) variety ofRhodiola(Rhodiola spp.)flea suffix(Arenaria spp.)Androsace(Andresace spp.), in addition to a small number of lichens and bryophytes.
2, Plants the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked with Nanchong Normal College, co-exploration, collection numbers more than 5,000 plant specimens, more than 20,000 copies, has identified nearly 4,000 species of plant species number; the discovery of new species and varieties 10, 217 recorded higher plant families, 814 genera, 1989 species, of which, 174 bryophytes, accounting for 8.29% of Sichuan species, 191 species of ferns, the number of species accounting for about 8.3% 20.0% of species in Sichuan, 1,604 kinds of angiosperms, accounting for about 6.6% of species, species of 18.98% in Sichuan.
(1) species diversity:
(2) Rare and Endangered Plants:Wolong Nature Reserve have state protection 245 kinds of rare and endangered plants, which is a national level to protect adove(Davidia involucrata Baillon)Metasequoia(Metasequ oia glyptostroboides Cheng), a secondary protectionsinensis(Bretschneidera sinensis)Cercidiphyllum(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)of light leaf involucrata(Davidiainvolucrata var. vilmoriniana)henryi(Emmenopterys henryi)Eucommia(Eucommia ulmoides)Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)walnut(Juglans sp.) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mas tersiana ) Water Aoki (Tetracentron sinense), three levels of protection are: Astragalus (Astrgal us menbranaceus)Coptis(Coptis chinensis) gold maple (Dipteronia sinensis)octagonal lotus(Dysosm a versipellis)Euptelea(Euptelea pleiospermum)Gastrodia(Gastrodia elata )Magnolia(Magnolia officinalis)fan fern(Meocheiropteris palmatopedata) Huang Xue (Phelloclendron amurense) Weeping spruce (Picea brachytyla)species of bamboo Bamboo(Qiongzhuea tumidinoda)large-leaved willow(Salix magnifica)Trillium(Trillium tschonoskii).
(3) plant resources:dense forest in Wolong Nature Reserve, nearly two million cubic meters of wood volume, there are 870 kinds of medicinal plants, medicinal herbs are important areas of Sichuan, Tianma,Fritillaria, medusa,astragalusand other herbs yield valuable rich. 80 grease plants, 42 kinds of starch and sugar plants, fiber plants 60 species, tannin 42 species of plants, 28 species of aromatic plants, in addition, Wolong has produced a large number of edible fungi, fern moss, constitute part of the game delicacies.
Animal Resources
Protected areas have a variety of 50 kinds of mammals, 300 kinds of birds, in addition to a large number of reptiles, amphibians and insects. Regional distribution of one-tenth of the total giant panda, known as "the hometown of giant pandas." In addition to giant pandas, there are golden monkey,takin,white-lipped deer, red pandas,snow leopards,deer,monkeys,macaques,Temminck's Tragopan,Cangma chicken,stone marten,a large civet,small Indian Civet,lynx,forest musk deer,tufted deer,golden eagle,Tibetan snow cock,the blood pheasantand dozens of species of rare wild animals. Variety of birds, accounting for 50% of special birds. Is the world's most ancient species save one of the most intact. These animals live mainly in the 2200 to 3600 meters the climate was cool and the arrow bamboo forest and mixed forest zone.
1, the animal community:the Wolong Nature Reserve fauna composition, with the increase of the Friends of the sea, the Oriental component decreased, while the Palaearctic component gradually increased, according to the region's various natural factors and types of animals, flora and composition, geographical distribution of animals can be divided into the following five types of groups:
(1) South Kerry wet subtropical fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 1150-2000 meters in evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, floristic composition is mainlythe Orientalspecies, a small amount ofPalaearcticspecies and widespread species. Animal communities geographical area by quarter of negative subtropical broad-leaved forest and shrub fauna composition. Semi-arboreal life, there is the South Asian tropicalclouded leopard, the monkeys warm temperate, subtropical in the Tibetan macaque, subtropical Golden Pheasant, widely distributed in thekite, as well as the northern boundary of the ancientSparrowhawk,Besra,Red-footed Falcon,Liu collar owl,spotted owl head Liuand other birds of prey, shrub-type animals monsoon regionleopard,yellow throated marten, northern subtropicalgolden cat, civet cat in a large subtropical, Small Indian Civet, South tropicaljackalsand deer. Stream aquatic fish-eating are theotters, birds swimduckand ferocity of rare fish - the Sichuan-Shaanxi taimen.
(2) The optimum temperature of the fauna of North and South:Distribution of 2000-2600 m in elevation mixed coniferous belt. Flora of animals compared with the previous band, the Oriental species began to decline, while the monsoon region Palaearctic species increased geographical optimum temperature of the animal community is a coniferous shrub fauna composition of arboreal species such as Southwest old animals unique golden monkey, golden eagles and birds of prey kite, etc. In addition to widespread species, the mainly Palaearctic species such as sparrow, song sparrow,common buzzard,brown-tail buzzard,vulture,black eagle, red-footed Falcon,Eagle Owl,Grey Owl, etc., are semi-arboreal tropical South Asia, the clouded leopard, in the temperate zone of theblack bearand northern subtropical golden cats, fierce animals, Oriental red Tragopan, the ancient northern boundary of thespoon chicken, blood pheasant and so on. Shrub life of the main Himalayan mountain range is a type of giant panda, red panda, musk deer, etc., as well as the South Asian tropical deer, yellow-throated marten monsoon region and so on, the cliff edge of forest activities, mainly North subtropicalserow.
(3) northern cold temperate fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 2600-3600 meters, coniferous forest. Flora, the beasts of the Oriental and Palaearctic elements mixed ingredients mixed half and birds, are mainly Palaearctic species, arboreal species are mainly Palaearctic species such ashazel grouse spotted tail, blood pheasant, eagle Owl, Grey Owl, Besra, brown tail buzzard, Common Buzzard, spotted eagle, etc., plus a small amount of the Oriental species such as golden monkeys,red falconand widespread species such as golden eagles and so on. Shrub live mainly pandas and red pandas, a highland forest edge type ofbrown bear, musk deer, forest edge of cliffs, peaks and rock between the activities of a serow,goral,blue sheepand so on.
(4) cold highland fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 3600-4400 m in alpine shrub meadow. Flora is mainly Palaearctic species, except a few outside the Southwest and northern species, mainly highland plateau-type animals, the species are takin Southwest Mountain,Green Rainbow Pheasant Tail, Cangma chickens, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau The types of high-type white-lipped deer,the white hip deer, snow leopard,musk deer, blue sheep,pheasant quailand other northern type of stone marten, a rabbit in the macaque and other subtypes, in addition to the northern boundary of the ancient common buzzard, vulture ,Hu vulturesand other large birds of prey.
(5) resistance to the Tibetan Plateau alpine fauna:the distribution of more than 4400 meters in altitude scree with sparse vegetation. Such as snow leopard, white-lipped deer, white hip deer, blue sheep, snow partridge, Tibetan snow cock and so on. They are all the types of the Tibetan Plateau eastward.
2, the animal resources the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked withChina West Normal UniversityDepartment of Biology, Research Institute of Rare Animals and Plants inspection, recorded about 2,200 animals, including insects, about 1,700 species of 437 kinds of vertebrates. 7 orders, 23 families with mammals 109 species or subspecies, representing 50% of species in Sichuan; birds, 281 kinds of 43 families and 13 orders, 3 sub-species, accounting for 52% of species in Sichuan; 1 5 families of reptiles 21 species; 2 amphibian orders, 5 families and 18 species; fish 11 3 5 families.
(1) species diversity:
(2) rare and endangered animals:the Wolong Nature Reserve, the special natural environment and geographical location, save a lot of children left the old animals, is the main distribution area of the giant panda, the number of giant pandas about 10% of the national total, State protection as rare and endangered 57 species of higher animals, including a giant panda protection (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) and other 13 species. There are two protected monkeys,Tibetan macaque, etc. 44.
(3) Animal Resources:Wolong Nature Reserve is not only a wide variety of animals, and many species have a large number of high economic value, by purpose can be divided into the following types:
a. View of sleep animals:such animals, bright colors or body shape is too cute, mammals such as giant panda, lesser panda, golden monkey and other birds such as theGolden Pheasant, Temminck's Tragopan and other insects such as the variety of butterflies and so on. And some animal horns or feathers can be made decorations.
b. fur animals:such animals, such as the production of fur skins, leather, feather and so on, such as the tufted deer,Hong Ferret, yellow throated marten, takin, and a variety of birds, snakes and so on.
c. medicinal animals:a lot of precious Chinese medicine come from the village of animals such asmusk,antler,bear bile,leopard bone,hedgehog,bird's nest,gall bladder, etc., Wolong has a wealth of storage production.
d. meat animals:the value of most vertebrates have meat. Game Treasures ofcivet cats,dovesand other widely distributed not only in Wolong, and quantity.
e. other beneficial animals: mainly some, such as birds of prey eat rodents, snakes and other carnivorous animals, such as a number of carnivorous mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc., these animals to prevent rodents and forest pests and diseases such a significant role.
3, important species 86 species are 7 orders, 24 families were recorded, includingrodents7 families, 26 species ofcarnivores,23 species of 7 families,Insectivora3 families, 14 species ofArtiodactylathree families and 12 species ofChiroptera2, 6 species,rabbit Passeriformes1 Division 2,primates1 Section 3.
Beasts
Flora composition is complex, it has both types of the North (such asthe northern boundary of the wholeuniquepika families,jerboa Divisionand is mainly distributed in the whole northern boundary of themole Branch), also has a south type (such as the Old World tropical - subtropical uniqueRhizomys Divisionand mainly distributed in the regionmonkey subjects,civet Divisionandporcupines Branch), more mountain range - the Himalayas, there are special or mainly distributed in the area of animals, such as giant panda, red panda Sichuan water musk shrew, shrews and other fin.
Mammal fauna from the affiliation of view, can be divided into the following types:
(1) Palearctic species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Palaearctic species, 26 species of mammal species are known to account for the number of protected areas of 30.21%, such as wolves, foxes, and other Tibetan pika and blue sheep.
(2) Oriental species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Oriental species, 54 species, accounting for 62.79%, Taiwan's Ma Tieju horseshoe bat, macaques, monkeys, golden cat, clouded leopard, giant panda, red panda, Anourosorex shrews and tufted deer.
(3) widespread species: widely distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental sector 3, ie Hong weasel, wild boar and Mus musculus, accounting for 3.5% of protected areas.
(4) Flora affiliation unknown 3, accounting for 3.5%.
As the relative altitude terrain in this area changes, the vertical distribution significantly different mammals. The trend is increasing with altitude, the vertical decreases with the number of mammal species, Palearctic species increased, Oriental species, widely distributed species decreased. In addition to alpine shrub meadow, each with the Oriental species is dominant, accounting for more than 75% of species, and Palearctic species were more than 21%.
Mammals, many species are the main production of specialty or rare animals, which belong to the state of a class protected animals are panda, golden monkey, white-lipped deer, wildebeest and the other four, the number except the exterior and the larger white-lipped deer; belong to the state second-class protection of animals are monkeys, macaques, red pandas, Steppe Cat, golden cat, lynx, clouded leopard, leopard, snow leopard, musk deer, musk deer, tufted deer, deer, white deer, hip 14; belong to the state There are three types of protected animals stone marten, large civet, small Indian Civet, goral, serow, blue sheep and other six.
In addition to the protection of the state animals, animal fur and leather were used in 22 animal species, such as yellow weasel, red fox, yellow throated marten, raccoon dog, civet cat, leopard cat, deer, jackals and hog and so on. Medicinal animal species are more, many of which are national protected animals such as musk deer, musk deer, deer and white-lipped deer; Moreover, as the monkey, leopard, serow, and goral horn or bone, etc. can be used as medicine.
Birds There are 232 kinds of birds in the area and the other three sub-species belonging to 13 orders, 38 families, including 212 breeding birds, 20 species of non-breeding birds. In breeding birds, its flora affiliation is divided into three types:
(1) Palearctic species: 113 species, accounting for the number of breeding bird species, 53.3%;
(2) Oriental species: 85 species, accounting for 40.1%;
(3) widespread species: 14 species, accounting for 6.6%.
Birds in the area flora, the Palaearctic and the Oriental type of mutual penetration, mixing is very obvious. For example, there are areas north PalaearcticSwift, there is a typical Tibetan type ofsnow, quail, snow cock, pheasant quail,rock pipit,Lin Ling, bird,bird of high mountainsand a variety ofSuzaku, etc.; there are North-basedTurnery birds, cattle mining Shrike, etc.; there are the Oriental and the southwest region of unique species, such as blood pheasant, green tail Monal, spot tail hazel grouse, etc.; also in the Oriental particularly prosperous and distributed in this area thrush class,Sansho birdsandsunbirds, etc.; there are mainly distributed in the central area of the Golden Pheasant.
The vertical band of birds and the population substitution clear from the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest to the alpine shrub meadow, the ancient northern species of breeding bird species and the total number of species gradually increase the percentage of each species with the Oriental Its share of the numbers of species with the percentage of breeding bird species decreased with increasing altitude; widely distributed species and their percentage of the numbers of species also increased with altitude and significantly reduced.
In protected areas are also many rare birds, belong to the state second-class protected animals are Temminck's Tragopan, Monal green tail, Cangma three kinds of chicken; belong to the state there are three types of protected animals golden eagles,blue horse chicken, Blood Pheasant three. Area has 29 species of birds specialty, accounting for 50% of specialty birds, such as hazel spot tail chicken, pheasant quail, pheasant green tail rainbow,orange-winged Garrulax,burgundy Suzakuand so on. With birds, 20 species of birds, mostly pheasants, eagle carving class, especially the pheasant species in up to 11 different kinds, the larger the number, it is important to hunting birds. In protected areas, only 69 insectivorous birds to species, in addition to eagles, owls and so on.
Reptiles
Reptiles in this area 14 species belonging to 2 orders, 5 families, of which three kinds of lizards that Sphenomorphus dragonfly,Kangding slippery lizardandwhite striped grass lizards; 11 species of snakes thatsnake Meigu ridge,horizontal stripes rat snake,Zi Hui Jin snake, snake neck slot,ramp scales snakes,emerald green snake,snake, Fujian carotid plaque,black snake,the snake Li Wen, cauliflower iron head, iron mountain top. Meigu ridge where the snake, rat snake found only in horizontal stripes of Sichuan, the western margin of Sichuan Basin may be endemic to the mountains. Oriental region are the components of reptiles.
Most snakes are distributed in the altitude of 2,500 meters below theregion, there is a snake tip cauliflower, the dominant species in protected areas. Sphenomorphus dragonfly, ramp scales, snake, snakes and other neck tank is a common species.
Amphibians Amphibians in this area a total of 10 species belonging to 2 orders, 4 of whichhave Anurais astream salamander in Tibet;Anuranine, that isShaping horned toad, frog and more top-dens,tooth Baoxing toad, Bufo West,marsh frog,Rana Japan, smelly flower frog,Rana turbulent Li County,Sichuan Amolopsand so on.
Described for amphibians on the flora of view, are the Oriental ingredients, Shaping horned toad, frog, and dens Jinding Amolops Li County is a kind of four-Trent. Shaping horned toad is currently only distributed in the mountainous western edge of Sichuan Basin, Jinding dens laevis early decades ago for the first time found in the Emei Golden Summit, here is the second of its distribution area.Stream salamander, toad, West China, Sichuan Amolops mainly distributed in southwest area; Baoxing teeth toad is currently only distributed in Sichuan, Gansu; other species mainly distributed in China in the area, Southern China.
Fish
6 species of thehomogeneous population Schizothorax,re-export Schizothorax, thin tail section loach, grouper and two unnamed Select Committee of thearticle Loach, belonging to 3 families and 2.
River region is short, a large gradient, waterfalls and more fast-flowing, low water temperature, poor food organisms, it is not rich in fish resources, no fisheries value. Because of natural conditions and the impact of human activities, the six fish in the distribution of protected areas varies. Six fish were distributed in the Sanjiang; in the River, River's middle reaches, only two articles Loach grouper Select Committee and the distribution of fast-flowing upstream, has not yet found in fish.
Six types of fish are settled fish fauna dependent on their relations, two and three articles Schizothorax Loach Central Plateau Mountain flora is complex, is a high cold water fish species in the Palaearctic composition; Indian Mountain grouper Select Committee flora is complex, is to adapt a typical representative of the water jet, an Oriental ingredients. So the fish should be protected areas Palaearctic, but the type of individual into the Oriental.
Development Plan
Wolong Nature Reserve was founded in 1963, an area of 20,000 hectares, is the first comprehensive set of national protected areas. Expand the area in March 1974 to 20 million hectares. 1980, joined the UNESCO "Man and Biosphere" protected area network, and cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund to establish China Giant Panda Protection Research Center. 3, 1983 approved in State Department, the Wolong Wolong in Wenchuan County in protected areas, Geng up to two communes in Wolong in Wenchuan County designated as a Special Administrative Region, the implementation of Department of the provincial system of dual leadership, hosted by the Forestry Department. In the same year in July, the provincial government, the former Ministry of Forestry will be made jointly Sichuan Province Wenchuan Wolong Wolong in Sichuan Province Special Administrative Region to the decision of the Special Administrative Region, and the Wolong Nature Reserve Administration under one roof with an integrated management system.
Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province named countries and the "popular science education base," "patriotic education base."
Over the years, the Wolong Nature Reserve to focus on building first-class national nature reserve targets, adhere to the protection and rational utilization of the principle of active protection, scientific research, community building work, the giant panda based wildlife and alpine ecology systems are effectively protected. Especially the giant panda research breakthrough has been made, from 1990 to 2001 succeeded in artificial breeding giant pandas have been 34 births, 51 Aberdeen, Aberdeen survived 42 and launched a worldwide giant panda adoption activities, protected areas, positive seek foreign cooperation, the establishment of cooperation development, is now with Shandong Luneng Xinyi Tourism Group signed a development agreement completed by 2005 and strive to achieve the victory target of eco-tourism giant. Currently, the effective development of regional economy, people's living standards improved significantly. A fundamental improvement of infrastructure, construction and development of protected areas in line with China's national conditions to the direction of a virtuous circle.
Regional characteristics
The third largest NationalNature Reserve. Sichuan Province, the largest and most complex natural conditions, the largest nature reserve of rare plants and animals. Across the Wolong Reserve, Geng of the two townships, 52 km from east to west, 62 km from north to south, with a totalarea ofabout 70 million hectares. Southwest of the main Alpine forest protection of natural ecosystems and the giant pandas and other rare animals. In 1980 joined the United Nations International Network of Biosphere Reserves, isChina'sfirst Special Administrative Region of the natural resource conservation.
Wolong National Nature Reserve, founded in 1963, when an area of 20,000 hectares,in 1975, with an area expanded to 20 million hectares, is the establishment of the earliest and largest area of habitat to protect giant pandas and mountain forest ecosystem-based The comprehensive nature reserve, is the July 2006 General Assembly approved the World Heritage List of UNESCO World Natural Heritage "Wolong Siguniangshan Jiajin Mountains" Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries most important core protected areas. Wolong Nature Reserve, the "hometown of panda", "valuable biological gene bank", "Natural Botanical Garden" renowned Chinese and foreign.
The Chinese government in the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) established under the assistance of 13 giant panda nature reserve in Wolong Nature Reserve is the world's most famous one.In 1978, protected areas in the world's first giant panda Wildlife Observatory, Chinese and foreign scientists used radio tracking and other means, on the giant panda ecology, population and study giant panda bamboo staple and achieved gratifying results. 1983, joined the international "Man and Biosphere Programme." The main object of protection is the giant pandas and other rare animals and forest ecosystems. 1980 and the World Wildlife Foundation established in the Wolong China Giant Panda Protection and Research Center.
Wolong Nature Reserve, the unique geographical conditions, complex landforms, scenic, landscape diversity, climate, set mountains, water, forests, caves, insurance, Jun, extraordinary show in one, there are strong Tibetan and Qiang ethnic culture. The district has a sizable giant panda,lesser panda,golden monkeybreeding farms and other national protected animals; a world-famous "May Shed" giant panda observation station; a country so far to establish a single species dominated the museum Giant Panda Museum.
Over the years, the Wolong Nature Reserve to focus on building first-class national nature reserve targets, adhere to the protection and rational utilization of the principle of active protection, scientific research, community building work, the giant panda based wildlife and alpine ecology systems are effectively protected. China Giant Panda Protection Research Center since its inception, through the unremitting efforts, successful artificial breeding of giant pandas in captivity capture of the work in the "heat is difficult, difficult pregnancy breeding, cub survival is difficult," the three major difficulties, artificial breeding giant pandas 48 tires , 72 Aberdeen, Aberdeen, 59 survived, the infant survival rate has been 100% for 5 consecutive years. Total of 80 captive giant pandas, accounting for 60% of the world's captive population. Also training, training out of a giant panda in the world's most dynamic research team. Published 8 monographs and published more than 200 research papers have four by the Ministry, the provincial scientific and technological achievements, there are 5 people received awards outstanding scientific papers. And launched a worldwide giant panda adoption activities, protected areas, to actively seek foreign cooperation, the establishment of cooperation development. Currently, the effective development of regional economy and people's living standards have markedly improved,in 2004the per capita income reached 2,074.39 yuan region, an increase of 234.21 yuan more than in 2003. A fundamental improvement of infrastructure, construction and development of protected areas in line with China's national conditions to the direction of a virtuous circle.
Location
Wolong Nature Reserve is located in the west edge of the southeast slope Qionglai mountains, SichuanAbaTibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in south-east, the west side of Minjiang River Town in Wenchuan County, the Chengdu Plain to the mountain valley over the Tibetan Plateau area, east longitude 102 ° 52 '─ 103 ° 25 ', latitude 30 ° 45' ─ 31 ° 25 ', 60 km east to west, north to south and 63 km. Connecting the East and the Town in Wenchuan County, West and Baoxing, Xiaojin County on the south Dayi, Lushan County adjacent to the north andLi Countyand Township of Wenchuan County adjacent to grassland.
Geological structure
Wolong area in theLongmen Mountainssouth section, southeast of Qionglai mountain slope, the Sichuan Basin to the western Sichuan Plateau transition zone, its topography dominated by mountain ravine. Siguniang Mountain region is the highest mountain peak Qionglai, altitude 6250 meters. To Siguniangshan - Balang Shan is bounded to the east edge of the mountainous Sichuan Basin, west into the western Sichuan plateau.
1, the structural framework
Wolong area belongs to the Longmenshan tectonic belt of the south section of fold, by a series of parallel NE trending fold and fault components. The overall direction of the North belt of 40-50 degrees East. Inverted front and back are tight folds oblique, abdominal syncline, from northwest to southeast: the total reverse anticlinorium shed, reversed synclinorium three clips, Niutoushan reverse anticlinorium, copper tank overturned synclinorium, these fold surface of the crankshaft to 30-60 degrees for the North East, axial sections tend to vary greatly in different, sometimes to tend to the northwest, sometimes to tend to the southeast, was a distortion of curved surfaces, angle of 40-60 degree range. Front and oblique and ventral wings are second a syncline with the tendency of small anticlines and small syncline complicated.
NE trending fault zone of the thrust fault, from northwest to southeast Browne Creek fault zone, Geng of fault, Yingxiu fault. The tendency of the main fault 300-330 degrees for the North West, dip 50-60 degrees, because it is squeezing thrust fault, so the fractured zone is developed. Also developed a set of vertical intersection of the main fault rupture and the tensile and torsional bias of the main fault rupture.
These faults and folds are basically controlled the Wolong area of landscape pattern
2, formation
Wolong area before the Paleozoic toMesozoicTriassicstratigraphic range, missing the MesozoicJurassic,CretaceousandCenozoicTertiarystrata. The distribution of strata bounded roughly by Browne River, southeast of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic to the main north-west.
Large area of southeastern exposedSilurianMaoxian Group metamorphic rocks, the rock is gray-green sericite phyllite, silver-gray folder sandy phyllite with thinquartziteand thin layers of crystalline lens limestone. Browne banded structure near the river haveDevonianand Carboniferous ─ Permian strata. The former is not bad gray, dark gray thin-bedded limestone, argillaceous limestone and carbonaceous sandstone rock face; the latter is in the thick-bedded limestone phyllite, carbonaceous phyllite, crystalline gray folder conglomerate rock. Sanjiangkou scattered along the Ordovician outcrop in the thick gray feldspar quartz sandstone, quartz sandstone and sandy slate.
Distribution of a large area northwest of Triassic strata, the rock is feldspar quartz sandstone, slate, carbonaceous phyllite, limestone and fine sandstone thin, anticlinal axis Devonian strata are exposed, and its lithology of carbonaceous phyllite, quartzite sandy phyllite folder, clastic limestone, with a small amount of Deng birth to a Carboniferous-Permian strata ─ ─ distribution, lithology carbonaceous phyllite, crystalline gray folder sandstone rock.
Quaternary loose deposits are fluvial deposits, debris flow deposits and tills. Fluvial deposits are mainly distributed in thong River valley and tributaries of the valley. Flowers mangrove ditch and Longyan ditch, Dawei Gou Gou Formation and other debris population distribution of a large number of debris flow. Browne sunny Ping River in the vicinity of ancient glacial valley, ancient glacier River Valley is the distribution of ancient moraines, while the development of the modern valley glaciers and modern tills.
In addition, the Wolong area distribution of a large area northeast of the Chengjiang ─ ─ Jinningian diorite, granodiorite. Western Siguniangshan a granite outcrop with Yanshan.
Topographic feature
1, the terrain:large landscape Wolong Nature Reserve is in the west edge of one of the original mountain, at the southeast foot of Qionglai north, the topography of the decrease from northwest to southeast, Browne River from the southwest to the northeast of protected areas will be divided into two protected areas block, northwest of Grand River peak, deep valleys, most of the peaks over 4000 meters above sea level. In the north-west along the edge to Siguniangshan Balang Shan, Li County and the northern border of the mountain with an elevation of 5,000 meters in height, form a natural barrier. Hundred peaks over 5000 meters seat, within the peak - Siguniangshan up to 6250 meters, the second highest peak in Sichuan Province, Browne River southeast, the terrain is relatively flat, except for a few peaks, but generally not more than 4000 meters above sea level, south-east River basin in the river and most of 2000 meters above sea level in the east elevation of the lowest wood Jiang Ping, only 1150 meters.
2, valley form:by the impact of terrain, rivers, protected areas generally east from the northwest Nanliu, valleys and diverse forms, the main rivers: Browne River, the river valley Gengda fault zone along the extrusion of development, cross rock loose, easily erosion, an ever-widening valley, the formation of broad valleys, and often there are five sections of terrace development. Ditch some of its tributaries such as the hero, Yin Changgou and other rivers along the vertical fracture under tensile shear, steep bedrock sides to form a valley, at an altitude of 3,000 meters above the upper reaches of the valley, along the glacial valley development, the upper part of the formation of "U" shaped valley, The dissolution of the lower cut by the river, forming "V" shaped valley, a combination of ")" shape was Hegu. The region above the main valley and the hillside slopes, the distribution of four denuded planation surface, which are 2000-2200 m above sea level ,2400-2500 meters ,2800-2850 m ,3000-3100 meters, although they cut erosion surface small in size, but the terrain is flat and has a thick layer of weathered residual slope sediments, surface development of thick yellow brown silty soil, bamboo grows well, forming the core of most of the activities of the regional giant panda.
3, mountain form:protected area at an altitude of 4,000 meters below the mountain, is the role of water in the low mountains, due to the impact of lithology, mountain shape changing from crystalline limestone, multi-form-like mountain peaks; composed of sandy slate by the child, the form of a typical comb-like mountain; the jagged ridge, far seems Longbei, Wolong is so named. 4000-5000 meters above sea level the mountain is the mountain frost weathering, the exposed rock foundation, more cliffs, the lower part of the formation of debris down slope or rubble, and the distribution of ancient glaciers, ancient cirque is also divided into four levels, 4000-4200 meters above sea level respectively by ,4350-4450 m ,4500-4540 m ,4620-4660 meters. After the glacial retreat in some areas, cirque water into the lake, has been that a question. More than 5000 meters above sea level the mountain is covered by ice year-round, extremely strong role of the modern glacier mountain peak Siguniangshan andolder girls to the mountains,two girls Hill,three girls mountainare pyramid-shaped horn, stand tall in protected areas northwest edge.
River system
Wolong Nature Reserve in the water was relatively independent of the state, all the major rivers and their tributaries originate in protected areas, was Shucha like branches, and from west to east out of protected areas, river flow and water quality depends entirely on the natural conditions of the region and human activities. Browne River originates Balang Shan Dong Lu, from southwest to northeast from the center of protected areas across the whole section about 60 km, near the North River in the protected area training, originated Siguniangshan east slope, is about 45 km, River to the confluence of the mill Mizoguchi and Browne, said Gengda River (also known as Yuzixi). Yingxiu by injection at the Minjiang Gengda total length of about 34 km, 22 km long area. River is located in protected areas in the southeast of the first rock and Niutoushan Qi originated a total length of 30 km. River Conservation Area is located in the south, originated in Ma On Shan, 37 km in length, three in the river estuary and confluence, the said county Jiang (also known as Shou River), into the Minjiang River mouth in the swirling. This region depends mainly on rainfall water, forests and snow melt water supply reservoir. Four Seasons long stream throughout the year.
Climate Type
Wolong Nature Reserve is the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climate zone, because of their geographical location and topography, the formation of a typical inland mountainous subtropical climate, the westerly jet and the South Branch of the southeast monsoon weather in the district during the main winter months (November to next April) in the dry and cold under the influence of the South Branch of the westerly jet stream, the weather was more sunny and dry air flow in the process of advance and retreat, often forming snow or rain, humid summer months down the river on the southeast monsoon, Alpine air flow experience rich meet to form slope precipitation, and thus warm and humid. With the elevation increased, from the valley to the summit formed a sub-tropical (2000 m) temperate (2000-2600 m) in cold temperate (2600-3600 m) cold (3600-4400 m) in alpine zone (4400-5000 m) high mountain chilling snow zone (above 5,000 meters), and other vertical zone spectrum of different climate. "Mountain has four seasons, different weather in different" This sentence reflects the climatic characteristics in Wolong: Protected Areas Authority, Sandy Bay Weather Station (elevation 1920 m) of the observation data shows that the region's annual average relative humidity of 80.3% winter months (November to next April) to 75.5% in summer months (May-October) was 84.8%, frost-free period 180-200 days, the average annual temperature of 8.5 ± 0.5 ℃, 7 monthly mean temperature of 17.1 ± 0.8 ℃, January average temperature of -0.9 ± 2 ℃, 950 ± 100 years, the number of sunshine hours, annual precipitation 890 ± 100mm.
Soil type
Wolong Nature Reserve, changing soil development conditions, the vertical of climate and vegetation change, from the valley to the summit, formed from the subtropical to the periglacial environment of various soil types.
1, the mountain yellow soil:growth in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, located 1150-1600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sand, quartz sand, organic matter content of 15-20%, PH is 5.8-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg the main exchange capacity of 40-50 meq / 100 g soil, soil surface litter 3-6 cm thick.
2, the mountain yellow brown soil:growth in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, the distribution of 1600-2000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, organic matter content of 10%, PH is 5.8-6.5 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg-based, exchange capacity of 20-50 meq / 100 grams of soil, soil surface litter thickness of 10 cm.
3, mountain brown soil:growth in the secondary broad-leaved and mixed coniferous forest, 1900-2300 m above sea level distribution, soil parent materials for the sandy slate, phyllite, quartz sand sculpture, organic matter content of 2-8% PH is 6-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity of 20-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, litter thickness of 10-15 cm.
4, the mountain dark brown soil:developed in broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and distribution 2100-2600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as phyllite, sandstone, slate, soil organic matter content of 5-15%, PH is 5.2-5.7, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 15-20 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 20 cm.
5, mountain brown coniferous forest soil:developed in the coniferous forest, distributed elevation of 2600-3600 meters, soil parent materials of sandstone, slate, phyllite, organic matter content of 8-24%, PH is 4-6.0 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 10-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 25 centimeters.
6, five alpine meadow soil:developed in the cold alpine shrub and meadow vegetation in vaginal discharge, distribution ofelevation of3600-3900 meters, soil parent material is sandstone, phyllite, quartz sand, organic matter content of 18%, PH 5.7 -6.1, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity equivalent to 32 mg / 100 grams of soil, soil gravel content of 70% or so.
7, alpine meadow soil:development of vaginal discharge in the alpine meadow, distribution 3900-4400 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, about 19% of soil organic matter content, PH is 5.8-6.3, cation exchange to Ca, Mg, Na main exchange capacity of 10-39 meq / 100 g soil, gravel content in soil more than 70%.
8, alpine cold desert soil:development of sparse vegetation in the alpine scree vaginal discharge, distribution of 4400-5000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, soil organic matter content of 1-3%, PH is 6.8-7.0 , cation exchange with K, Ca-based, soil gravel content of 80% or more.
Plants
Wolong Nature Reserve covering an area of 118,000 hectares, accounting for 56.7% of the total area protected, shrub cover an area of about 30,400 ha, resulting in complex natural conditions of plant species and community diversity.
1, the natural vegetation:Wolong Nature Reserve, ancient origin of flora, with more endemic genera and sub relic plants. According to the plant species composition and physical characteristics of vegetation, the vegetation Wolong 6 can be divided into the following types:
(1) evergreen broad-leaved forest:1600 m above sea level located in the following sections, the main constructive species of Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae and holly plants. Forest with a small amount of the Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae Aceraceae deciduous broad-leaved species such as the understory of white folder with a large area of bamboo (Phyllostachys nidularia) oil bamboo (Fargesia angustissima) and the walking stick bamboo (Fargesia rebusta), evergreen vegetation appearance , no significant seasonal variation.
(2) evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest:distribution at an altitude of 1600-2000 meters in the lot, dominant species, are evergreen Fagaceae, Lauraceae and other species, leaves are Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Aceraceae, etc. species, local area Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) dove (Davidia involucrata) water Aoki (Te tracentron sinense) Euptelea (Euptelea pleiospermum) and other rare plants associated with the ancient relic, the lower the stick of bamboo-based forest vegetation appearance of the season changed significantly, dark green and light green and white spring and summer, autumn is green, yellow, red, brown and other colors tainted all winter only a small amount of green canopy decorated in white world.
(3) needle, broad-leaved mixed forest:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 2000-2600 meters, the constructive species, the tree species are red birch (Betul albo-sinensis) maple tree (Acer spp.)possession of thorn hazel(Corylus forox) linden Tree (Ti lia chinensis) and so on, coniferous trees are Tsuga (Tsuga spp.) Table hanging fir (Picea brachytyla) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mastersiana) pine (Pinus spp.), etc., are widely distributed in the understory of bamboo cane, local area big bamboo (Yushania ch ungii) cold bamboo (Bashania fangiana), a significant seasonal variation of the appearance of vegetation, spring and summer were light green, the colorful spots À autumn to early winter, constitute a major scene in Wolong Nature Reserve.
(4), cold temperate coniferous forest:Distribution of 2600-3600 meters above sea level the lot, built a table hanging fir species, a variety of fir (Abies spp.) side branches Park (Sabina saltuaria) Sichuan red fir, large forest cold bamboo area, the region accounts for about 50% of the total area of bamboo in some areas there are large bamboo, Fargesia nitida (Fargesia nifida), appearance of dark green vegetation, the season did not change significantly.
(8), hardy shrub and alpine meadow:Distribution of 3600-4400 meters above sea level, cold and bushes of purple rhododendron D (Rhododendron violaceum) in Ngau Tau willow (Salix dissa) twigs Spiraea (Spiraea myrtlloides) West Bank Lu Mei ( Potentilla glabra) andCedar(Sabina pingil) mainly alpine meadow are: toPolygonum(Polygonum viviparum) consisting mainly of weeds meadow tofescue(Festuca ov ina) consisting mainly of grass meadow to dwarf humilis (Kobresia humilis) dominated sedge meadow, summer blossom scenery.
(6) rocky mountain streams with sparse vegetation:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 4400-5000 meters, mainly by hairy, fleshy herb short composition, such as a variety of Saussurea (Saussurea spp.) variety of cheap, ear grass (Saxifrag a spp .) variety ofRhodiola(Rhodiola spp.)flea suffix(Arenaria spp.)Androsace(Andresace spp.), in addition to a small number of lichens and bryophytes.
2, Plants the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked with Nanchong Normal College, co-exploration, collection numbers more than 5,000 plant specimens, more than 20,000 copies, has identified nearly 4,000 species of plant species number; the discovery of new species and varieties 10, 217 recorded higher plant families, 814 genera, 1989 species, of which, 174 bryophytes, accounting for 8.29% of Sichuan species, 191 species of ferns, the number of species accounting for about 8.3% 20.0% of species in Sichuan, 1,604 kinds of angiosperms, accounting for about 6.6% of species, species of 18.98% in Sichuan.
(1) species diversity:
(2) Rare and Endangered Plants:Wolong Nature Reserve have state protection 245 kinds of rare and endangered plants, which is a national level to protect adove(Davidia involucrata Baillon)Metasequoia(Metasequ oia glyptostroboides Cheng), a secondary protectionsinensis(Bretschneidera sinensis)Cercidiphyllum(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)of light leaf involucrata(Davidiainvolucrata var. vilmoriniana)henryi(Emmenopterys henryi)Eucommia(Eucommia ulmoides)Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)walnut(Juglans sp.) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mas tersiana ) Water Aoki (Tetracentron sinense), three levels of protection are: Astragalus (Astrgal us menbranaceus)Coptis(Coptis chinensis) gold maple (Dipteronia sinensis)octagonal lotus(Dysosm a versipellis)Euptelea(Euptelea pleiospermum)Gastrodia(Gastrodia elata )Magnolia(Magnolia officinalis)fan fern(Meocheiropteris palmatopedata) Huang Xue (Phelloclendron amurense) Weeping spruce (Picea brachytyla)species of bamboo Bamboo(Qiongzhuea tumidinoda)large-leaved willow(Salix magnifica)Trillium(Trillium tschonoskii).
(3) plant resources:dense forest in Wolong Nature Reserve, nearly two million cubic meters of wood volume, there are 870 kinds of medicinal plants, medicinal herbs are important areas of Sichuan, Tianma,Fritillaria, medusa,astragalusand other herbs yield valuable rich. 80 grease plants, 42 kinds of starch and sugar plants, fiber plants 60 species, tannin 42 species of plants, 28 species of aromatic plants, in addition, Wolong has produced a large number of edible fungi, fern moss, constitute part of the game delicacies.
Animal Resources
Protected areas have a variety of 50 kinds of mammals, 300 kinds of birds, in addition to a large number of reptiles, amphibians and insects. Regional distribution of one-tenth of the total giant panda, known as "the hometown of giant pandas." In addition to giant pandas, there are golden monkey,takin,white-lipped deer, red pandas,snow leopards,deer,monkeys,macaques,Temminck's Tragopan,Cangma chicken,stone marten,a large civet,small Indian Civet,lynx,forest musk deer,tufted deer,golden eagle,Tibetan snow cock,the blood pheasantand dozens of species of rare wild animals. Variety of birds, accounting for 50% of special birds. Is the world's most ancient species save one of the most intact. These animals live mainly in the 2200 to 3600 meters the climate was cool and the arrow bamboo forest and mixed forest zone.
1, the animal community:the Wolong Nature Reserve fauna composition, with the increase of the Friends of the sea, the Oriental component decreased, while the Palaearctic component gradually increased, according to the region's various natural factors and types of animals, flora and composition, geographical distribution of animals can be divided into the following five types of groups:
(1) South Kerry wet subtropical fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 1150-2000 meters in evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, floristic composition is mainlythe Orientalspecies, a small amount ofPalaearcticspecies and widespread species. Animal communities geographical area by quarter of negative subtropical broad-leaved forest and shrub fauna composition. Semi-arboreal life, there is the South Asian tropicalclouded leopard, the monkeys warm temperate, subtropical in the Tibetan macaque, subtropical Golden Pheasant, widely distributed in thekite, as well as the northern boundary of the ancientSparrowhawk,Besra,Red-footed Falcon,Liu collar owl,spotted owl head Liuand other birds of prey, shrub-type animals monsoon regionleopard,yellow throated marten, northern subtropicalgolden cat, civet cat in a large subtropical, Small Indian Civet, South tropicaljackalsand deer. Stream aquatic fish-eating are theotters, birds swimduckand ferocity of rare fish - the Sichuan-Shaanxi taimen.
(2) The optimum temperature of the fauna of North and South:Distribution of 2000-2600 m in elevation mixed coniferous belt. Flora of animals compared with the previous band, the Oriental species began to decline, while the monsoon region Palaearctic species increased geographical optimum temperature of the animal community is a coniferous shrub fauna composition of arboreal species such as Southwest old animals unique golden monkey, golden eagles and birds of prey kite, etc. In addition to widespread species, the mainly Palaearctic species such as sparrow, song sparrow,common buzzard,brown-tail buzzard,vulture,black eagle, red-footed Falcon,Eagle Owl,Grey Owl, etc., are semi-arboreal tropical South Asia, the clouded leopard, in the temperate zone of theblack bearand northern subtropical golden cats, fierce animals, Oriental red Tragopan, the ancient northern boundary of thespoon chicken, blood pheasant and so on. Shrub life of the main Himalayan mountain range is a type of giant panda, red panda, musk deer, etc., as well as the South Asian tropical deer, yellow-throated marten monsoon region and so on, the cliff edge of forest activities, mainly North subtropicalserow.
(3) northern cold temperate fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 2600-3600 meters, coniferous forest. Flora, the beasts of the Oriental and Palaearctic elements mixed ingredients mixed half and birds, are mainly Palaearctic species, arboreal species are mainly Palaearctic species such ashazel grouse spotted tail, blood pheasant, eagle Owl, Grey Owl, Besra, brown tail buzzard, Common Buzzard, spotted eagle, etc., plus a small amount of the Oriental species such as golden monkeys,red falconand widespread species such as golden eagles and so on. Shrub live mainly pandas and red pandas, a highland forest edge type ofbrown bear, musk deer, forest edge of cliffs, peaks and rock between the activities of a serow,goral,blue sheepand so on.
(4) cold highland fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 3600-4400 m in alpine shrub meadow. Flora is mainly Palaearctic species, except a few outside the Southwest and northern species, mainly highland plateau-type animals, the species are takin Southwest Mountain,Green Rainbow Pheasant Tail, Cangma chickens, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau The types of high-type white-lipped deer,the white hip deer, snow leopard,musk deer, blue sheep,pheasant quailand other northern type of stone marten, a rabbit in the macaque and other subtypes, in addition to the northern boundary of the ancient common buzzard, vulture ,Hu vulturesand other large birds of prey.
(5) resistance to the Tibetan Plateau alpine fauna:the distribution of more than 4400 meters in altitude scree with sparse vegetation. Such as snow leopard, white-lipped deer, white hip deer, blue sheep, snow partridge, Tibetan snow cock and so on. They are all the types of the Tibetan Plateau eastward.
2, the animal resources the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked withChina West Normal UniversityDepartment of Biology, Research Institute of Rare Animals and Plants inspection, recorded about 2,200 animals, including insects, about 1,700 species of 437 kinds of vertebrates. 7 orders, 23 families with mammals 109 species or subspecies, representing 50% of species in Sichuan; birds, 281 kinds of 43 families and 13 orders, 3 sub-species, accounting for 52% of species in Sichuan; 1 5 families of reptiles 21 species; 2 amphibian orders, 5 families and 18 species; fish 11 3 5 families.
(1) species diversity:
(2) rare and endangered animals:the Wolong Nature Reserve, the special natural environment and geographical location, save a lot of children left the old animals, is the main distribution area of the giant panda, the number of giant pandas about 10% of the national total, State protection as rare and endangered 57 species of higher animals, including a giant panda protection (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) and other 13 species. There are two protected monkeys,Tibetan macaque, etc. 44.
(3) Animal Resources:Wolong Nature Reserve is not only a wide variety of animals, and many species have a large number of high economic value, by purpose can be divided into the following types:
a. View of sleep animals:such animals, bright colors or body shape is too cute, mammals such as giant panda, lesser panda, golden monkey and other birds such as theGolden Pheasant, Temminck's Tragopan and other insects such as the variety of butterflies and so on. And some animal horns or feathers can be made decorations.
b. fur animals:such animals, such as the production of fur skins, leather, feather and so on, such as the tufted deer,Hong Ferret, yellow throated marten, takin, and a variety of birds, snakes and so on.
c. medicinal animals:a lot of precious Chinese medicine come from the village of animals such asmusk,antler,bear bile,leopard bone,hedgehog,bird's nest,gall bladder, etc., Wolong has a wealth of storage production.
d. meat animals:the value of most vertebrates have meat. Game Treasures ofcivet cats,dovesand other widely distributed not only in Wolong, and quantity.
e. other beneficial animals: mainly some, such as birds of prey eat rodents, snakes and other carnivorous animals, such as a number of carnivorous mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc., these animals to prevent rodents and forest pests and diseases such a significant role.
3, important species 86 species are 7 orders, 24 families were recorded, includingrodents7 families, 26 species ofcarnivores,23 species of 7 families,Insectivora3 families, 14 species ofArtiodactylathree families and 12 species ofChiroptera2, 6 species,rabbit Passeriformes1 Division 2,primates1 Section 3.
Beasts
Flora composition is complex, it has both types of the North (such asthe northern boundary of the wholeuniquepika families,jerboa Divisionand is mainly distributed in the whole northern boundary of themole Branch), also has a south type (such as the Old World tropical - subtropical uniqueRhizomys Divisionand mainly distributed in the regionmonkey subjects,civet Divisionandporcupines Branch), more mountain range - the Himalayas, there are special or mainly distributed in the area of animals, such as giant panda, red panda Sichuan water musk shrew, shrews and other fin.
Mammal fauna from the affiliation of view, can be divided into the following types:
(1) Palearctic species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Palaearctic species, 26 species of mammal species are known to account for the number of protected areas of 30.21%, such as wolves, foxes, and other Tibetan pika and blue sheep.
(2) Oriental species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Oriental species, 54 species, accounting for 62.79%, Taiwan's Ma Tieju horseshoe bat, macaques, monkeys, golden cat, clouded leopard, giant panda, red panda, Anourosorex shrews and tufted deer.
(3) widespread species: widely distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental sector 3, ie Hong weasel, wild boar and Mus musculus, accounting for 3.5% of protected areas.
(4) Flora affiliation unknown 3, accounting for 3.5%.
As the relative altitude terrain in this area changes, the vertical distribution significantly different mammals. The trend is increasing with altitude, the vertical decreases with the number of mammal species, Palearctic species increased, Oriental species, widely distributed species decreased. In addition to alpine shrub meadow, each with the Oriental species is dominant, accounting for more than 75% of species, and Palearctic species were more than 21%.
Mammals, many species are the main production of specialty or rare animals, which belong to the state of a class protected animals are panda, golden monkey, white-lipped deer, wildebeest and the other four, the number except the exterior and the larger white-lipped deer; belong to the state second-class protection of animals are monkeys, macaques, red pandas, Steppe Cat, golden cat, lynx, clouded leopard, leopard, snow leopard, musk deer, musk deer, tufted deer, deer, white deer, hip 14; belong to the state There are three types of protected animals stone marten, large civet, small Indian Civet, goral, serow, blue sheep and other six.
In addition to the protection of the state animals, animal fur and leather were used in 22 animal species, such as yellow weasel, red fox, yellow throated marten, raccoon dog, civet cat, leopard cat, deer, jackals and hog and so on. Medicinal animal species are more, many of which are national protected animals such as musk deer, musk deer, deer and white-lipped deer; Moreover, as the monkey, leopard, serow, and goral horn or bone, etc. can be used as medicine.
Birds There are 232 kinds of birds in the area and the other three sub-species belonging to 13 orders, 38 families, including 212 breeding birds, 20 species of non-breeding birds. In breeding birds, its flora affiliation is divided into three types:
(1) Palearctic species: 113 species, accounting for the number of breeding bird species, 53.3%;
(2) Oriental species: 85 species, accounting for 40.1%;
(3) widespread species: 14 species, accounting for 6.6%.
Birds in the area flora, the Palaearctic and the Oriental type of mutual penetration, mixing is very obvious. For example, there are areas north PalaearcticSwift, there is a typical Tibetan type ofsnow, quail, snow cock, pheasant quail,rock pipit,Lin Ling, bird,bird of high mountainsand a variety ofSuzaku, etc.; there are North-basedTurnery birds, cattle mining Shrike, etc.; there are the Oriental and the southwest region of unique species, such as blood pheasant, green tail Monal, spot tail hazel grouse, etc.; also in the Oriental particularly prosperous and distributed in this area thrush class,Sansho birdsandsunbirds, etc.; there are mainly distributed in the central area of the Golden Pheasant.
The vertical band of birds and the population substitution clear from the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest to the alpine shrub meadow, the ancient northern species of breeding bird species and the total number of species gradually increase the percentage of each species with the Oriental Its share of the numbers of species with the percentage of breeding bird species decreased with increasing altitude; widely distributed species and their percentage of the numbers of species also increased with altitude and significantly reduced.
In protected areas are also many rare birds, belong to the state second-class protected animals are Temminck's Tragopan, Monal green tail, Cangma three kinds of chicken; belong to the state there are three types of protected animals golden eagles,blue horse chicken, Blood Pheasant three. Area has 29 species of birds specialty, accounting for 50% of specialty birds, such as hazel spot tail chicken, pheasant quail, pheasant green tail rainbow,orange-winged Garrulax,burgundy Suzakuand so on. With birds, 20 species of birds, mostly pheasants, eagle carving class, especially the pheasant species in up to 11 different kinds, the larger the number, it is important to hunting birds. In protected areas, only 69 insectivorous birds to species, in addition to eagles, owls and so on.
Reptiles
Reptiles in this area 14 species belonging to 2 orders, 5 families, of which three kinds of lizards that Sphenomorphus dragonfly,Kangding slippery lizardandwhite striped grass lizards; 11 species of snakes thatsnake Meigu ridge,horizontal stripes rat snake,Zi Hui Jin snake, snake neck slot,ramp scales snakes,emerald green snake,snake, Fujian carotid plaque,black snake,the snake Li Wen, cauliflower iron head, iron mountain top. Meigu ridge where the snake, rat snake found only in horizontal stripes of Sichuan, the western margin of Sichuan Basin may be endemic to the mountains. Oriental region are the components of reptiles.
Most snakes are distributed in the altitude of 2,500 meters below theregion, there is a snake tip cauliflower, the dominant species in protected areas. Sphenomorphus dragonfly, ramp scales, snake, snakes and other neck tank is a common species.
Amphibians Amphibians in this area a total of 10 species belonging to 2 orders, 4 of whichhave Anurais astream salamander in Tibet;Anuranine, that isShaping horned toad, frog and more top-dens,tooth Baoxing toad, Bufo West,marsh frog,Rana Japan, smelly flower frog,Rana turbulent Li County,Sichuan Amolopsand so on.
Described for amphibians on the flora of view, are the Oriental ingredients, Shaping horned toad, frog, and dens Jinding Amolops Li County is a kind of four-Trent. Shaping horned toad is currently only distributed in the mountainous western edge of Sichuan Basin, Jinding dens laevis early decades ago for the first time found in the Emei Golden Summit, here is the second of its distribution area.Stream salamander, toad, West China, Sichuan Amolops mainly distributed in southwest area; Baoxing teeth toad is currently only distributed in Sichuan, Gansu; other species mainly distributed in China in the area, Southern China.
Fish
6 species of thehomogeneous population Schizothorax,re-export Schizothorax, thin tail section loach, grouper and two unnamed Select Committee of thearticle Loach, belonging to 3 families and 2.
River region is short, a large gradient, waterfalls and more fast-flowing, low water temperature, poor food organisms, it is not rich in fish resources, no fisheries value. Because of natural conditions and the impact of human activities, the six fish in the distribution of protected areas varies. Six fish were distributed in the Sanjiang; in the River, River's middle reaches, only two articles Loach grouper Select Committee and the distribution of fast-flowing upstream, has not yet found in fish.
Six types of fish are settled fish fauna dependent on their relations, two and three articles Schizothorax Loach Central Plateau Mountain flora is complex, is a high cold water fish species in the Palaearctic composition; Indian Mountain grouper Select Committee flora is complex, is to adapt a typical representative of the water jet, an Oriental ingredients. So the fish should be protected areas Palaearctic, but the type of individual into the Oriental.
Development Plan
Wolong Nature Reserve was founded in 1963, an area of 20,000 hectares, is the first comprehensive set of national protected areas. Expand the area in March 1974 to 20 million hectares. 1980, joined the UNESCO "Man and Biosphere" protected area network, and cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund to establish China Giant Panda Protection Research Center. 3, 1983 approved in State Department, the Wolong Wolong in Wenchuan County in protected areas, Geng up to two communes in Wolong in Wenchuan County designated as a Special Administrative Region, the implementation of Department of the provincial system of dual leadership, hosted by the Forestry Department. In the same year in July, the provincial government, the former Ministry of Forestry will be made jointly Sichuan Province Wenchuan Wolong Wolong in Sichuan Province Special Administrative Region to the decision of the Special Administrative Region, and the Wolong Nature Reserve Administration under one roof with an integrated management system.
Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province named countries and the "popular science education base," "patriotic education base."
Over the years, the Wolong Nature Reserve to focus on building first-class national nature reserve targets, adhere to the protection and rational utilization of the principle of active protection, scientific research, community building work, the giant panda based wildlife and alpine ecology systems are effectively protected. Especially the giant panda research breakthrough has been made, from 1990 to 2001 succeeded in artificial breeding giant pandas have been 34 births, 51 Aberdeen, Aberdeen survived 42 and launched a worldwide giant panda adoption activities, protected areas, positive seek foreign cooperation, the establishment of cooperation development, is now with Shandong Luneng Xinyi Tourism Group signed a development agreement completed by 2005 and strive to achieve the victory target of eco-tourism giant. Currently, the effective development of regional economy, people's living standards improved significantly. A fundamental improvement of infrastructure, construction and development of protected areas in line with China's national conditions to the direction of a virtuous circle.
Geological structure
Wolong area in theLongmen Mountainssouth section, southeast of Qionglai mountain slope, the Sichuan Basin to the western Sichuan Plateau transition zone, its topography dominated by mountain ravine. Siguniang Mountain region is the highest mountain peak Qionglai, altitude 6250 meters. To Siguniangshan - Balang Shan is bounded to the east edge of the mountainous Sichuan Basin, west into the western Sichuan plateau.
1, the structural framework
Wolong area belongs to the Longmenshan tectonic belt of the south section of fold, by a series of parallel NE trending fold and fault components. The overall direction of the North belt of 40-50 degrees East. Inverted front and back are tight folds oblique, abdominal syncline, from northwest to southeast: the total reverse anticlinorium shed, reversed synclinorium three clips, Niutoushan reverse anticlinorium, copper tank overturned synclinorium, these fold surface of the crankshaft to 30-60 degrees for the North East, axial sections tend to vary greatly in different, sometimes to tend to the northwest, sometimes to tend to the southeast, was a distortion of curved surfaces, angle of 40-60 degree range. Front and oblique and ventral wings are second a syncline with the tendency of small anticlines and small syncline complicated.
NE trending fault zone of the thrust fault, from northwest to southeast Browne Creek fault zone, Geng of fault, Yingxiu fault. The tendency of the main fault 300-330 degrees for the North West, dip 50-60 degrees, because it is squeezing thrust fault, so the fractured zone is developed. Also developed a set of vertical intersection of the main fault rupture and the tensile and torsional bias of the main fault rupture.
These faults and folds are basically controlled the Wolong area of landscape pattern
2, formation
Wolong area before the Paleozoic toMesozoicTriassicstratigraphic range, missing the MesozoicJurassic,CretaceousandCenozoicTertiarystrata. The distribution of strata bounded roughly by Browne River, southeast of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic to the main north-west.
Large area of southeastern exposedSilurianMaoxian Group metamorphic rocks, the rock is gray-green sericite phyllite, silver-gray folder sandy phyllite with thinquartziteand thin layers of crystalline lens limestone. Browne banded structure near the river haveDevonianand Carboniferous ─ Permian strata. The former is not bad gray, dark gray thin-bedded limestone, argillaceous limestone and carbonaceous sandstone rock face; the latter is in the thick-bedded limestone phyllite, carbonaceous phyllite, crystalline gray folder conglomerate rock. Sanjiangkou scattered along the Ordovician outcrop in the thick gray feldspar quartz sandstone, quartz sandstone and sandy slate.
Distribution of a large area northwest of Triassic strata, the rock is feldspar quartz sandstone, slate, carbonaceous phyllite, limestone and fine sandstone thin, anticlinal axis Devonian strata are exposed, and its lithology of carbonaceous phyllite, quartzite sandy phyllite folder, clastic limestone, with a small amount of Deng birth to a Carboniferous-Permian strata ─ ─ distribution, lithology carbonaceous phyllite, crystalline gray folder sandstone rock.
Quaternary loose deposits are fluvial deposits, debris flow deposits and tills. Fluvial deposits are mainly distributed in thong River valley and tributaries of the valley. Flowers mangrove ditch and Longyan ditch, Dawei Gou Gou Formation and other debris population distribution of a large number of debris flow. Browne sunny Ping River in the vicinity of ancient glacial valley, ancient glacier River Valley is the distribution of ancient moraines, while the development of the modern valley glaciers and modern tills.
In addition, the Wolong area distribution of a large area northeast of the Chengjiang ─ ─ Jinningian diorite, granodiorite. Western Siguniangshan a granite outcrop with Yanshan.
Topographic feature
1, the terrain:large landscape Wolong Nature Reserve is in the west edge of one of the original mountain, at the southeast foot of Qionglai north, the topography of the decrease from northwest to southeast, Browne River from the southwest to the northeast of protected areas will be divided into two protected areas block, northwest of Grand River peak, deep valleys, most of the peaks over 4000 meters above sea level. In the north-west along the edge to Siguniangshan Balang Shan, Li County and the northern border of the mountain with an elevation of 5,000 meters in height, form a natural barrier. Hundred peaks over 5000 meters seat, within the peak - Siguniangshan up to 6250 meters, the second highest peak in Sichuan Province, Browne River southeast, the terrain is relatively flat, except for a few peaks, but generally not more than 4000 meters above sea level, south-east River basin in the river and most of 2000 meters above sea level in the east elevation of the lowest wood Jiang Ping, only 1150 meters.
2, valley form:by the impact of terrain, rivers, protected areas generally east from the northwest Nanliu, valleys and diverse forms, the main rivers: Browne River, the river valley Gengda fault zone along the extrusion of development, cross rock loose, easily erosion, an ever-widening valley, the formation of broad valleys, and often there are five sections of terrace development. Ditch some of its tributaries such as the hero, Yin Changgou and other rivers along the vertical fracture under tensile shear, steep bedrock sides to form a valley, at an altitude of 3,000 meters above the upper reaches of the valley, along the glacial valley development, the upper part of the formation of "U" shaped valley, The dissolution of the lower cut by the river, forming "V" shaped valley, a combination of ")" shape was Hegu. The region above the main valley and the hillside slopes, the distribution of four denuded planation surface, which are 2000-2200 m above sea level ,2400-2500 meters ,2800-2850 m ,3000-3100 meters, although they cut erosion surface small in size, but the terrain is flat and has a thick layer of weathered residual slope sediments, surface development of thick yellow brown silty soil, bamboo grows well, forming the core of most of the activities of the regional giant panda.
3, mountain form:protected area at an altitude of 4,000 meters below the mountain, is the role of water in the low mountains, due to the impact of lithology, mountain shape changing from crystalline limestone, multi-form-like mountain peaks; composed of sandy slate by the child, the form of a typical comb-like mountain; the jagged ridge, far seems Longbei, Wolong is so named. 4000-5000 meters above sea level the mountain is the mountain frost weathering, the exposed rock foundation, more cliffs, the lower part of the formation of debris down slope or rubble, and the distribution of ancient glaciers, ancient cirque is also divided into four levels, 4000-4200 meters above sea level respectively by ,4350-4450 m ,4500-4540 m ,4620-4660 meters. After the glacial retreat in some areas, cirque water into the lake, has been that a question. More than 5000 meters above sea level the mountain is covered by ice year-round, extremely strong role of the modern glacier mountain peak Siguniangshan andolder girls to the mountains,two girls Hill,three girls mountainare pyramid-shaped horn, stand tall in protected areas northwest edge.
River system
Wolong Nature Reserve in the water was relatively independent of the state, all the major rivers and their tributaries originate in protected areas, was Shucha like branches, and from west to east out of protected areas, river flow and water quality depends entirely on the natural conditions of the region and human activities. Browne River originates Balang Shan Dong Lu, from southwest to northeast from the center of protected areas across the whole section about 60 km, near the North River in the protected area training, originated Siguniangshan east slope, is about 45 km, River to the confluence of the mill Mizoguchi and Browne, said Gengda River (also known as Yuzixi). Yingxiu by injection at the Minjiang Gengda total length of about 34 km, 22 km long area. River is located in protected areas in the southeast of the first rock and Niutoushan Qi originated a total length of 30 km. River Conservation Area is located in the south, originated in Ma On Shan, 37 km in length, three in the river estuary and confluence, the said county Jiang (also known as Shou River), into the Minjiang River mouth in the swirling. This region depends mainly on rainfall water, forests and snow melt water supply reservoir. Four Seasons long stream throughout the year.
Climate Type
Wolong Nature Reserve is the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climate zone, because of their geographical location and topography, the formation of a typical inland mountainous subtropical climate, the westerly jet and the South Branch of the southeast monsoon weather in the district during the main winter months (November to next April) in the dry and cold under the influence of the South Branch of the westerly jet stream, the weather was more sunny and dry air flow in the process of advance and retreat, often forming snow or rain, humid summer months down the river on the southeast monsoon, Alpine air flow experience rich meet to form slope precipitation, and thus warm and humid. With the elevation increased, from the valley to the summit formed a sub-tropical (2000 m) temperate (2000-2600 m) in cold temperate (2600-3600 m) cold (3600-4400 m) in alpine zone (4400-5000 m) high mountain chilling snow zone (above 5,000 meters), and other vertical zone spectrum of different climate. "Mountain has four seasons, different weather in different" This sentence reflects the climatic characteristics in Wolong: Protected Areas Authority, Sandy Bay Weather Station (elevation 1920 m) of the observation data shows that the region's annual average relative humidity of 80.3% winter months (November to next April) to 75.5% in summer months (May-October) was 84.8%, frost-free period 180-200 days, the average annual temperature of 8.5 ± 0.5 ℃, 7 monthly mean temperature of 17.1 ± 0.8 ℃, January average temperature of -0.9 ± 2 ℃, 950 ± 100 years, the number of sunshine hours, annual precipitation 890 ± 100mm.
Soil type
Wolong Nature Reserve, changing soil development conditions, the vertical of climate and vegetation change, from the valley to the summit, formed from the subtropical to the periglacial environment of various soil types.
1, the mountain yellow soil:growth in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, located 1150-1600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sand, quartz sand, organic matter content of 15-20%, PH is 5.8-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg the main exchange capacity of 40-50 meq / 100 g soil, soil surface litter 3-6 cm thick.
2, the mountain yellow brown soil:growth in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, the distribution of 1600-2000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, organic matter content of 10%, PH is 5.8-6.5 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg-based, exchange capacity of 20-50 meq / 100 grams of soil, soil surface litter thickness of 10 cm.
3, mountain brown soil:growth in the secondary broad-leaved and mixed coniferous forest, 1900-2300 m above sea level distribution, soil parent materials for the sandy slate, phyllite, quartz sand sculpture, organic matter content of 2-8% PH is 6-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity of 20-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, litter thickness of 10-15 cm.
4, the mountain dark brown soil:developed in broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and distribution 2100-2600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as phyllite, sandstone, slate, soil organic matter content of 5-15%, PH is 5.2-5.7, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 15-20 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 20 cm.
5, mountain brown coniferous forest soil:developed in the coniferous forest, distributed elevation of 2600-3600 meters, soil parent materials of sandstone, slate, phyllite, organic matter content of 8-24%, PH is 4-6.0 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 10-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 25 centimeters.
6, five alpine meadow soil:developed in the cold alpine shrub and meadow vegetation in vaginal discharge, distribution ofelevation of3600-3900 meters, soil parent material is sandstone, phyllite, quartz sand, organic matter content of 18%, PH 5.7 -6.1, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity equivalent to 32 mg / 100 grams of soil, soil gravel content of 70% or so.
7, alpine meadow soil:development of vaginal discharge in the alpine meadow, distribution 3900-4400 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, about 19% of soil organic matter content, PH is 5.8-6.3, cation exchange to Ca, Mg, Na main exchange capacity of 10-39 meq / 100 g soil, gravel content in soil more than 70%.
8, alpine cold desert soil:development of sparse vegetation in the alpine scree vaginal discharge, distribution of 4400-5000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, soil organic matter content of 1-3%, PH is 6.8-7.0 , cation exchange with K, Ca-based, soil gravel content of 80% or more.
Plants
Wolong Nature Reserve covering an area of 118,000 hectares, accounting for 56.7% of the total area protected, shrub cover an area of about 30,400 ha, resulting in complex natural conditions of plant species and community diversity.
1, the natural vegetation:Wolong Nature Reserve, ancient origin of flora, with more endemic genera and sub relic plants. According to the plant species composition and physical characteristics of vegetation, the vegetation Wolong 6 can be divided into the following types:
(1) evergreen broad-leaved forest:1600 m above sea level located in the following sections, the main constructive species of Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae and holly plants. Forest with a small amount of the Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae Aceraceae deciduous broad-leaved species such as the understory of white folder with a large area of bamboo (Phyllostachys nidularia) oil bamboo (Fargesia angustissima) and the walking stick bamboo (Fargesia rebusta), evergreen vegetation appearance , no significant seasonal variation.
(2) evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest:distribution at an altitude of 1600-2000 meters in the lot, dominant species, are evergreen Fagaceae, Lauraceae and other species, leaves are Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Aceraceae, etc. species, local area Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) dove (Davidia involucrata) water Aoki (Te tracentron sinense) Euptelea (Euptelea pleiospermum) and other rare plants associated with the ancient relic, the lower the stick of bamboo-based forest vegetation appearance of the season changed significantly, dark green and light green and white spring and summer, autumn is green, yellow, red, brown and other colors tainted all winter only a small amount of green canopy decorated in white world.
(3) needle, broad-leaved mixed forest:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 2000-2600 meters, the constructive species, the tree species are red birch (Betul albo-sinensis) maple tree (Acer spp.)possession of thorn hazel(Corylus forox) linden Tree (Ti lia chinensis) and so on, coniferous trees are Tsuga (Tsuga spp.) Table hanging fir (Picea brachytyla) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mastersiana) pine (Pinus spp.), etc., are widely distributed in the understory of bamboo cane, local area big bamboo (Yushania ch ungii) cold bamboo (Bashania fangiana), a significant seasonal variation of the appearance of vegetation, spring and summer were light green, the colorful spots À autumn to early winter, constitute a major scene in Wolong Nature Reserve.
(4), cold temperate coniferous forest:Distribution of 2600-3600 meters above sea level the lot, built a table hanging fir species, a variety of fir (Abies spp.) side branches Park (Sabina saltuaria) Sichuan red fir, large forest cold bamboo area, the region accounts for about 50% of the total area of bamboo in some areas there are large bamboo, Fargesia nitida (Fargesia nifida), appearance of dark green vegetation, the season did not change significantly.
(8), hardy shrub and alpine meadow:Distribution of 3600-4400 meters above sea level, cold and bushes of purple rhododendron D (Rhododendron violaceum) in Ngau Tau willow (Salix dissa) twigs Spiraea (Spiraea myrtlloides) West Bank Lu Mei ( Potentilla glabra) andCedar(Sabina pingil) mainly alpine meadow are: toPolygonum(Polygonum viviparum) consisting mainly of weeds meadow tofescue(Festuca ov ina) consisting mainly of grass meadow to dwarf humilis (Kobresia humilis) dominated sedge meadow, summer blossom scenery.
(6) rocky mountain streams with sparse vegetation:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 4400-5000 meters, mainly by hairy, fleshy herb short composition, such as a variety of Saussurea (Saussurea spp.) variety of cheap, ear grass (Saxifrag a spp .) variety ofRhodiola(Rhodiola spp.)flea suffix(Arenaria spp.)Androsace(Andresace spp.), in addition to a small number of lichens and bryophytes.
2, Plants the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked with Nanchong Normal College, co-exploration, collection numbers more than 5,000 plant specimens, more than 20,000 copies, has identified nearly 4,000 species of plant species number; the discovery of new species and varieties 10, 217 recorded higher plant families, 814 genera, 1989 species, of which, 174 bryophytes, accounting for 8.29% of Sichuan species, 191 species of ferns, the number of species accounting for about 8.3% 20.0% of species in Sichuan, 1,604 kinds of angiosperms, accounting for about 6.6% of species, species of 18.98% in Sichuan.
(1) species diversity:
(2) Rare and Endangered Plants:Wolong Nature Reserve have state protection 245 kinds of rare and endangered plants, which is a national level to protect adove(Davidia involucrata Baillon)Metasequoia(Metasequ oia glyptostroboides Cheng), a secondary protectionsinensis(Bretschneidera sinensis)Cercidiphyllum(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)of light leaf involucrata(Davidiainvolucrata var. vilmoriniana)henryi(Emmenopterys henryi)Eucommia(Eucommia ulmoides)Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)walnut(Juglans sp.) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mas tersiana ) Water Aoki (Tetracentron sinense), three levels of protection are: Astragalus (Astrgal us menbranaceus)Coptis(Coptis chinensis) gold maple (Dipteronia sinensis)octagonal lotus(Dysosm a versipellis)Euptelea(Euptelea pleiospermum)Gastrodia(Gastrodia elata )Magnolia(Magnolia officinalis)fan fern(Meocheiropteris palmatopedata) Huang Xue (Phelloclendron amurense) Weeping spruce (Picea brachytyla)species of bamboo Bamboo(Qiongzhuea tumidinoda)large-leaved willow(Salix magnifica)Trillium(Trillium tschonoskii).
(3) plant resources:dense forest in Wolong Nature Reserve, nearly two million cubic meters of wood volume, there are 870 kinds of medicinal plants, medicinal herbs are important areas of Sichuan, Tianma,Fritillaria, medusa,astragalusand other herbs yield valuable rich. 80 grease plants, 42 kinds of starch and sugar plants, fiber plants 60 species, tannin 42 species of plants, 28 species of aromatic plants, in addition, Wolong has produced a large number of edible fungi, fern moss, constitute part of the game delicacies.
Animal Resources
Protected areas have a variety of 50 kinds of mammals, 300 kinds of birds, in addition to a large number of reptiles, amphibians and insects. Regional distribution of one-tenth of the total giant panda, known as "the hometown of giant pandas." In addition to giant pandas, there are golden monkey,takin,white-lipped deer, red pandas,snow leopards,deer,monkeys,macaques,Temminck's Tragopan,Cangma chicken,stone marten,a large civet,small Indian Civet,lynx,forest musk deer,tufted deer,golden eagle,Tibetan snow cock,the blood pheasantand dozens of species of rare wild animals. Variety of birds, accounting for 50% of special birds. Is the world's most ancient species save one of the most intact. These animals live mainly in the 2200 to 3600 meters the climate was cool and the arrow bamboo forest and mixed forest zone.
1, the animal community:the Wolong Nature Reserve fauna composition, with the increase of the Friends of the sea, the Oriental component decreased, while the Palaearctic component gradually increased, according to the region's various natural factors and types of animals, flora and composition, geographical distribution of animals can be divided into the following five types of groups:
(1) South Kerry wet subtropical fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 1150-2000 meters in evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, floristic composition is mainlythe Orientalspecies, a small amount ofPalaearcticspecies and widespread species. Animal communities geographical area by quarter of negative subtropical broad-leaved forest and shrub fauna composition. Semi-arboreal life, there is the South Asian tropicalclouded leopard, the monkeys warm temperate, subtropical in the Tibetan macaque, subtropical Golden Pheasant, widely distributed in thekite, as well as the northern boundary of the ancientSparrowhawk,Besra,Red-footed Falcon,Liu collar owl,spotted owl head Liuand other birds of prey, shrub-type animals monsoon regionleopard,yellow throated marten, northern subtropicalgolden cat, civet cat in a large subtropical, Small Indian Civet, South tropicaljackalsand deer. Stream aquatic fish-eating are theotters, birds swimduckand ferocity of rare fish - the Sichuan-Shaanxi taimen.
(2) The optimum temperature of the fauna of North and South:Distribution of 2000-2600 m in elevation mixed coniferous belt. Flora of animals compared with the previous band, the Oriental species began to decline, while the monsoon region Palaearctic species increased geographical optimum temperature of the animal community is a coniferous shrub fauna composition of arboreal species such as Southwest old animals unique golden monkey, golden eagles and birds of prey kite, etc. In addition to widespread species, the mainly Palaearctic species such as sparrow, song sparrow,common buzzard,brown-tail buzzard,vulture,black eagle, red-footed Falcon,Eagle Owl,Grey Owl, etc., are semi-arboreal tropical South Asia, the clouded leopard, in the temperate zone of theblack bearand northern subtropical golden cats, fierce animals, Oriental red Tragopan, the ancient northern boundary of thespoon chicken, blood pheasant and so on. Shrub life of the main Himalayan mountain range is a type of giant panda, red panda, musk deer, etc., as well as the South Asian tropical deer, yellow-throated marten monsoon region and so on, the cliff edge of forest activities, mainly North subtropicalserow.
(3) northern cold temperate fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 2600-3600 meters, coniferous forest. Flora, the beasts of the Oriental and Palaearctic elements mixed ingredients mixed half and birds, are mainly Palaearctic species, arboreal species are mainly Palaearctic species such ashazel grouse spotted tail, blood pheasant, eagle Owl, Grey Owl, Besra, brown tail buzzard, Common Buzzard, spotted eagle, etc., plus a small amount of the Oriental species such as golden monkeys,red falconand widespread species such as golden eagles and so on. Shrub live mainly pandas and red pandas, a highland forest edge type ofbrown bear, musk deer, forest edge of cliffs, peaks and rock between the activities of a serow,goral,blue sheepand so on.
(4) cold highland fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 3600-4400 m in alpine shrub meadow. Flora is mainly Palaearctic species, except a few outside the Southwest and northern species, mainly highland plateau-type animals, the species are takin Southwest Mountain,Green Rainbow Pheasant Tail, Cangma chickens, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau The types of high-type white-lipped deer,the white hip deer, snow leopard,musk deer, blue sheep,pheasant quailand other northern type of stone marten, a rabbit in the macaque and other subtypes, in addition to the northern boundary of the ancient common buzzard, vulture ,Hu vulturesand other large birds of prey.
(5) resistance to the Tibetan Plateau alpine fauna:the distribution of more than 4400 meters in altitude scree with sparse vegetation. Such as snow leopard, white-lipped deer, white hip deer, blue sheep, snow partridge, Tibetan snow cock and so on. They are all the types of the Tibetan Plateau eastward.
2, the animal resources the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked withChina West Normal UniversityDepartment of Biology, Research Institute of Rare Animals and Plants inspection, recorded about 2,200 animals, including insects, about 1,700 species of 437 kinds of vertebrates. 7 orders, 23 families with mammals 109 species or subspecies, representing 50% of species in Sichuan; birds, 281 kinds of 43 families and 13 orders, 3 sub-species, accounting for 52% of species in Sichuan; 1 5 families of reptiles 21 species; 2 amphibian orders, 5 families and 18 species; fish 11 3 5 families.
(1) species diversity:
(2) rare and endangered animals:the Wolong Nature Reserve, the special natural environment and geographical location, save a lot of children left the old animals, is the main distribution area of the giant panda, the number of giant pandas about 10% of the national total, State protection as rare and endangered 57 species of higher animals, including a giant panda protection (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) and other 13 species. There are two protected monkeys,Tibetan macaque, etc. 44.
(3) Animal Resources:Wolong Nature Reserve is not only a wide variety of animals, and many species have a large number of high economic value, by purpose can be divided into the following types:
a. View of sleep animals:such animals, bright colors or body shape is too cute, mammals such as giant panda, lesser panda, golden monkey and other birds such as theGolden Pheasant, Temminck's Tragopan and other insects such as the variety of butterflies and so on. And some animal horns or feathers can be made decorations.
b. fur animals:such animals, such as the production of fur skins, leather, feather and so on, such as the tufted deer,Hong Ferret, yellow throated marten, takin, and a variety of birds, snakes and so on.
c. medicinal animals:a lot of precious Chinese medicine come from the village of animals such asmusk,antler,bear bile,leopard bone,hedgehog,bird's nest,gall bladder, etc., Wolong has a wealth of storage production.
d. meat animals:the value of most vertebrates have meat. Game Treasures ofcivet cats,dovesand other widely distributed not only in Wolong, and quantity.
e. other beneficial animals: mainly some, such as birds of prey eat rodents, snakes and other carnivorous animals, such as a number of carnivorous mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc., these animals to prevent rodents and forest pests and diseases such a significant role.
3, important species 86 species are 7 orders, 24 families were recorded, includingrodents7 families, 26 species ofcarnivores,23 species of 7 families,Insectivora3 families, 14 species ofArtiodactylathree families and 12 species ofChiroptera2, 6 species,rabbit Passeriformes1 Division 2,primates1 Section 3.
Beasts
Flora composition is complex, it has both types of the North (such asthe northern boundary of the wholeuniquepika families,jerboa Divisionand is mainly distributed in the whole northern boundary of themole Branch), also has a south type (such as the Old World tropical - subtropical uniqueRhizomys Divisionand mainly distributed in the regionmonkey subjects,civet Divisionandporcupines Branch), more mountain range - the Himalayas, there are special or mainly distributed in the area of animals, such as giant panda, red panda Sichuan water musk shrew, shrews and other fin.
Mammal fauna from the affiliation of view, can be divided into the following types:
(1) Palearctic species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Palaearctic species, 26 species of mammal species are known to account for the number of protected areas of 30.21%, such as wolves, foxes, and other Tibetan pika and blue sheep.
(2) Oriental species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Oriental species, 54 species, accounting for 62.79%, Taiwan's Ma Tieju horseshoe bat, macaques, monkeys, golden cat, clouded leopard, giant panda, red panda, Anourosorex shrews and tufted deer.
(3) widespread species: widely distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental sector 3, ie Hong weasel, wild boar and Mus musculus, accounting for 3.5% of protected areas.
(4) Flora affiliation unknown 3, accounting for 3.5%.
As the relative altitude terrain in this area changes, the vertical distribution significantly different mammals. The trend is increasing with altitude, the vertical decreases with the number of mammal species, Palearctic species increased, Oriental species, widely distributed species decreased. In addition to alpine shrub meadow, each with the Oriental species is dominant, accounting for more than 75% of species, and Palearctic species were more than 21%.
Mammals, many species are the main production of specialty or rare animals, which belong to the state of a class protected animals are panda, golden monkey, white-lipped deer, wildebeest and the other four, the number except the exterior and the larger white-lipped deer; belong to the state second-class protection of animals are monkeys, macaques, red pandas, Steppe Cat, golden cat, lynx, clouded leopard, leopard, snow leopard, musk deer, musk deer, tufted deer, deer, white deer, hip 14; belong to the state There are three types of protected animals stone marten, large civet, small Indian Civet, goral, serow, blue sheep and other six.
In addition to the protection of the state animals, animal fur and leather were used in 22 animal species, such as yellow weasel, red fox, yellow throated marten, raccoon dog, civet cat, leopard cat, deer, jackals and hog and so on. Medicinal animal species are more, many of which are national protected animals such as musk deer, musk deer, deer and white-lipped deer; Moreover, as the monkey, leopard, serow, and goral horn or bone, etc. can be used as medicine.
Birds There are 232 kinds of birds in the area and the other three sub-species belonging to 13 orders, 38 families, including 212 breeding birds, 20 species of non-breeding birds. In breeding birds, its flora affiliation is divided into three types:
(1) Palearctic species: 113 species, accounting for the number of breeding bird species, 53.3%;
(2) Oriental species: 85 species, accounting for 40.1%;
(3) widespread species: 14 species, accounting for 6.6%.
Birds in the area flora, the Palaearctic and the Oriental type of mutual penetration, mixing is very obvious. For example, there are areas north PalaearcticSwift, there is a typical Tibetan type ofsnow, quail, snow cock, pheasant quail,rock pipit,Lin Ling, bird,bird of high mountainsand a variety ofSuzaku, etc.; there are North-basedTurnery birds, cattle mining Shrike, etc.; there are the Oriental and the southwest region of unique species, such as blood pheasant, green tail Monal, spot tail hazel grouse, etc.; also in the Oriental particularly prosperous and distributed in this area thrush class,Sansho birdsandsunbirds, etc.; there are mainly distributed in the central area of the Golden Pheasant.
The vertical band of birds and the population substitution clear from the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest to the alpine shrub meadow, the ancient northern species of breeding bird species and the total number of species gradually increase the percentage of each species with the Oriental Its share of the numbers of species with the percentage of breeding bird species decreased with increasing altitude; widely distributed species and their percentage of the numbers of species also increased with altitude and significantly reduced.
In protected areas are also many rare birds, belong to the state second-class protected animals are Temminck's Tragopan, Monal green tail, Cangma three kinds of chicken; belong to the state there are three types of protected animals golden eagles,blue horse chicken, Blood Pheasant three. Area has 29 species of birds specialty, accounting for 50% of specialty birds, such as hazel spot tail chicken, pheasant quail, pheasant green tail rainbow,orange-winged Garrulax,burgundy Suzakuand so on. With birds, 20 species of birds, mostly pheasants, eagle carving class, especially the pheasant species in up to 11 different kinds, the larger the number, it is important to hunting birds. In protected areas, only 69 insectivorous birds to species, in addition to eagles, owls and so on.
Reptiles
Reptiles in this area 14 species belonging to 2 orders, 5 families, of which three kinds of lizards that Sphenomorphus dragonfly,Kangding slippery lizardandwhite striped grass lizards; 11 species of snakes thatsnake Meigu ridge,horizontal stripes rat snake,Zi Hui Jin snake, snake neck slot,ramp scales snakes,emerald green snake,snake, Fujian carotid plaque,black snake,the snake Li Wen, cauliflower iron head, iron mountain top. Meigu ridge where the snake, rat snake found only in horizontal stripes of Sichuan, the western margin of Sichuan Basin may be endemic to the mountains. Oriental region are the components of reptiles.
Most snakes are distributed in the altitude of 2,500 meters below theregion, there is a snake tip cauliflower, the dominant species in protected areas. Sphenomorphus dragonfly, ramp scales, snake, snakes and other neck tank is a common species.
Amphibians Amphibians in this area a total of 10 species belonging to 2 orders, 4 of whichhave Anurais astream salamander in Tibet;Anuranine, that isShaping horned toad, frog and more top-dens,tooth Baoxing toad, Bufo West,marsh frog,Rana Japan, smelly flower frog,Rana turbulent Li County,Sichuan Amolopsand so on.
Described for amphibians on the flora of view, are the Oriental ingredients, Shaping horned toad, frog, and dens Jinding Amolops Li County is a kind of four-Trent. Shaping horned toad is currently only distributed in the mountainous western edge of Sichuan Basin, Jinding dens laevis early decades ago for the first time found in the Emei Golden Summit, here is the second of its distribution area.Stream salamander, toad, West China, Sichuan Amolops mainly distributed in southwest area; Baoxing teeth toad is currently only distributed in Sichuan, Gansu; other species mainly distributed in China in the area, Southern China.
Fish
6 species of thehomogeneous population Schizothorax,re-export Schizothorax, thin tail section loach, grouper and two unnamed Select Committee of thearticle Loach, belonging to 3 families and 2.
River region is short, a large gradient, waterfalls and more fast-flowing, low water temperature, poor food organisms, it is not rich in fish resources, no fisheries value. Because of natural conditions and the impact of human activities, the six fish in the distribution of protected areas varies. Six fish were distributed in the Sanjiang; in the River, River's middle reaches, only two articles Loach grouper Select Committee and the distribution of fast-flowing upstream, has not yet found in fish.
Six types of fish are settled fish fauna dependent on their relations, two and three articles Schizothorax Loach Central Plateau Mountain flora is complex, is a high cold water fish species in the Palaearctic composition; Indian Mountain grouper Select Committee flora is complex, is to adapt a typical representative of the water jet, an Oriental ingredients. So the fish should be protected areas Palaearctic, but the type of individual into the Oriental.
Development Plan
Wolong Nature Reserve was founded in 1963, an area of 20,000 hectares, is the first comprehensive set of national protected areas. Expand the area in March 1974 to 20 million hectares. 1980, joined the UNESCO "Man and Biosphere" protected area network, and cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund to establish China Giant Panda Protection Research Center. 3, 1983 approved in State Department, the Wolong Wolong in Wenchuan County in protected areas, Geng up to two communes in Wolong in Wenchuan County designated as a Special Administrative Region, the implementation of Department of the provincial system of dual leadership, hosted by the Forestry Department. In the same year in July, the provincial government, the former Ministry of Forestry will be made jointly Sichuan Province Wenchuan Wolong Wolong in Sichuan Province Special Administrative Region to the decision of the Special Administrative Region, and the Wolong Nature Reserve Administration under one roof with an integrated management system.
Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province named countries and the "popular science education base," "patriotic education base."
Over the years, the Wolong Nature Reserve to focus on building first-class national nature reserve targets, adhere to the protection and rational utilization of the principle of active protection, scientific research, community building work, the giant panda based wildlife and alpine ecology systems are effectively protected. Especially the giant panda research breakthrough has been made, from 1990 to 2001 succeeded in artificial breeding giant pandas have been 34 births, 51 Aberdeen, Aberdeen survived 42 and launched a worldwide giant panda adoption activities, protected areas, positive seek foreign cooperation, the establishment of cooperation development, is now with Shandong Luneng Xinyi Tourism Group signed a development agreement completed by 2005 and strive to achieve the victory target of eco-tourism giant. Currently, the effective development of regional economy, people's living standards improved significantly. A fundamental improvement of infrastructure, construction and development of protected areas in line with China's national conditions to the direction of a virtuous circle.
River system
Wolong Nature Reserve in the water was relatively independent of the state, all the major rivers and their tributaries originate in protected areas, was Shucha like branches, and from west to east out of protected areas, river flow and water quality depends entirely on the natural conditions of the region and human activities. Browne River originates Balang Shan Dong Lu, from southwest to northeast from the center of protected areas across the whole section about 60 km, near the North River in the protected area training, originated Siguniangshan east slope, is about 45 km, River to the confluence of the mill Mizoguchi and Browne, said Gengda River (also known as Yuzixi). Yingxiu by injection at the Minjiang Gengda total length of about 34 km, 22 km long area. River is located in protected areas in the southeast of the first rock and Niutoushan Qi originated a total length of 30 km. River Conservation Area is located in the south, originated in Ma On Shan, 37 km in length, three in the river estuary and confluence, the said county Jiang (also known as Shou River), into the Minjiang River mouth in the swirling. This region depends mainly on rainfall water, forests and snow melt water supply reservoir. Four Seasons long stream throughout the year.
Climate Type
Wolong Nature Reserve is the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climate zone, because of their geographical location and topography, the formation of a typical inland mountainous subtropical climate, the westerly jet and the South Branch of the southeast monsoon weather in the district during the main winter months (November to next April) in the dry and cold under the influence of the South Branch of the westerly jet stream, the weather was more sunny and dry air flow in the process of advance and retreat, often forming snow or rain, humid summer months down the river on the southeast monsoon, Alpine air flow experience rich meet to form slope precipitation, and thus warm and humid. With the elevation increased, from the valley to the summit formed a sub-tropical (2000 m) temperate (2000-2600 m) in cold temperate (2600-3600 m) cold (3600-4400 m) in alpine zone (4400-5000 m) high mountain chilling snow zone (above 5,000 meters), and other vertical zone spectrum of different climate. "Mountain has four seasons, different weather in different" This sentence reflects the climatic characteristics in Wolong: Protected Areas Authority, Sandy Bay Weather Station (elevation 1920 m) of the observation data shows that the region's annual average relative humidity of 80.3% winter months (November to next April) to 75.5% in summer months (May-October) was 84.8%, frost-free period 180-200 days, the average annual temperature of 8.5 ± 0.5 ℃, 7 monthly mean temperature of 17.1 ± 0.8 ℃, January average temperature of -0.9 ± 2 ℃, 950 ± 100 years, the number of sunshine hours, annual precipitation 890 ± 100mm.
Soil type
Wolong Nature Reserve, changing soil development conditions, the vertical of climate and vegetation change, from the valley to the summit, formed from the subtropical to the periglacial environment of various soil types.
1, the mountain yellow soil:growth in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, located 1150-1600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sand, quartz sand, organic matter content of 15-20%, PH is 5.8-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg the main exchange capacity of 40-50 meq / 100 g soil, soil surface litter 3-6 cm thick.
2, the mountain yellow brown soil:growth in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, the distribution of 1600-2000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, organic matter content of 10%, PH is 5.8-6.5 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg-based, exchange capacity of 20-50 meq / 100 grams of soil, soil surface litter thickness of 10 cm.
3, mountain brown soil:growth in the secondary broad-leaved and mixed coniferous forest, 1900-2300 m above sea level distribution, soil parent materials for the sandy slate, phyllite, quartz sand sculpture, organic matter content of 2-8% PH is 6-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity of 20-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, litter thickness of 10-15 cm.
4, the mountain dark brown soil:developed in broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and distribution 2100-2600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as phyllite, sandstone, slate, soil organic matter content of 5-15%, PH is 5.2-5.7, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 15-20 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 20 cm.
5, mountain brown coniferous forest soil:developed in the coniferous forest, distributed elevation of 2600-3600 meters, soil parent materials of sandstone, slate, phyllite, organic matter content of 8-24%, PH is 4-6.0 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 10-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 25 centimeters.
6, five alpine meadow soil:developed in the cold alpine shrub and meadow vegetation in vaginal discharge, distribution ofelevation of3600-3900 meters, soil parent material is sandstone, phyllite, quartz sand, organic matter content of 18%, PH 5.7 -6.1, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity equivalent to 32 mg / 100 grams of soil, soil gravel content of 70% or so.
7, alpine meadow soil:development of vaginal discharge in the alpine meadow, distribution 3900-4400 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, about 19% of soil organic matter content, PH is 5.8-6.3, cation exchange to Ca, Mg, Na main exchange capacity of 10-39 meq / 100 g soil, gravel content in soil more than 70%.
8, alpine cold desert soil:development of sparse vegetation in the alpine scree vaginal discharge, distribution of 4400-5000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, soil organic matter content of 1-3%, PH is 6.8-7.0 , cation exchange with K, Ca-based, soil gravel content of 80% or more.
Plants
Wolong Nature Reserve covering an area of 118,000 hectares, accounting for 56.7% of the total area protected, shrub cover an area of about 30,400 ha, resulting in complex natural conditions of plant species and community diversity.
1, the natural vegetation:Wolong Nature Reserve, ancient origin of flora, with more endemic genera and sub relic plants. According to the plant species composition and physical characteristics of vegetation, the vegetation Wolong 6 can be divided into the following types:
(1) evergreen broad-leaved forest:1600 m above sea level located in the following sections, the main constructive species of Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae and holly plants. Forest with a small amount of the Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae Aceraceae deciduous broad-leaved species such as the understory of white folder with a large area of bamboo (Phyllostachys nidularia) oil bamboo (Fargesia angustissima) and the walking stick bamboo (Fargesia rebusta), evergreen vegetation appearance , no significant seasonal variation.
(2) evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest:distribution at an altitude of 1600-2000 meters in the lot, dominant species, are evergreen Fagaceae, Lauraceae and other species, leaves are Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Aceraceae, etc. species, local area Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) dove (Davidia involucrata) water Aoki (Te tracentron sinense) Euptelea (Euptelea pleiospermum) and other rare plants associated with the ancient relic, the lower the stick of bamboo-based forest vegetation appearance of the season changed significantly, dark green and light green and white spring and summer, autumn is green, yellow, red, brown and other colors tainted all winter only a small amount of green canopy decorated in white world.
(3) needle, broad-leaved mixed forest:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 2000-2600 meters, the constructive species, the tree species are red birch (Betul albo-sinensis) maple tree (Acer spp.)possession of thorn hazel(Corylus forox) linden Tree (Ti lia chinensis) and so on, coniferous trees are Tsuga (Tsuga spp.) Table hanging fir (Picea brachytyla) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mastersiana) pine (Pinus spp.), etc., are widely distributed in the understory of bamboo cane, local area big bamboo (Yushania ch ungii) cold bamboo (Bashania fangiana), a significant seasonal variation of the appearance of vegetation, spring and summer were light green, the colorful spots À autumn to early winter, constitute a major scene in Wolong Nature Reserve.
(4), cold temperate coniferous forest:Distribution of 2600-3600 meters above sea level the lot, built a table hanging fir species, a variety of fir (Abies spp.) side branches Park (Sabina saltuaria) Sichuan red fir, large forest cold bamboo area, the region accounts for about 50% of the total area of bamboo in some areas there are large bamboo, Fargesia nitida (Fargesia nifida), appearance of dark green vegetation, the season did not change significantly.
(8), hardy shrub and alpine meadow:Distribution of 3600-4400 meters above sea level, cold and bushes of purple rhododendron D (Rhododendron violaceum) in Ngau Tau willow (Salix dissa) twigs Spiraea (Spiraea myrtlloides) West Bank Lu Mei ( Potentilla glabra) andCedar(Sabina pingil) mainly alpine meadow are: toPolygonum(Polygonum viviparum) consisting mainly of weeds meadow tofescue(Festuca ov ina) consisting mainly of grass meadow to dwarf humilis (Kobresia humilis) dominated sedge meadow, summer blossom scenery.
(6) rocky mountain streams with sparse vegetation:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 4400-5000 meters, mainly by hairy, fleshy herb short composition, such as a variety of Saussurea (Saussurea spp.) variety of cheap, ear grass (Saxifrag a spp .) variety ofRhodiola(Rhodiola spp.)flea suffix(Arenaria spp.)Androsace(Andresace spp.), in addition to a small number of lichens and bryophytes.
2, Plants the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked with Nanchong Normal College, co-exploration, collection numbers more than 5,000 plant specimens, more than 20,000 copies, has identified nearly 4,000 species of plant species number; the discovery of new species and varieties 10, 217 recorded higher plant families, 814 genera, 1989 species, of which, 174 bryophytes, accounting for 8.29% of Sichuan species, 191 species of ferns, the number of species accounting for about 8.3% 20.0% of species in Sichuan, 1,604 kinds of angiosperms, accounting for about 6.6% of species, species of 18.98% in Sichuan.
(1) species diversity:
(2) Rare and Endangered Plants:Wolong Nature Reserve have state protection 245 kinds of rare and endangered plants, which is a national level to protect adove(Davidia involucrata Baillon)Metasequoia(Metasequ oia glyptostroboides Cheng), a secondary protectionsinensis(Bretschneidera sinensis)Cercidiphyllum(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)of light leaf involucrata(Davidiainvolucrata var. vilmoriniana)henryi(Emmenopterys henryi)Eucommia(Eucommia ulmoides)Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)walnut(Juglans sp.) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mas tersiana ) Water Aoki (Tetracentron sinense), three levels of protection are: Astragalus (Astrgal us menbranaceus)Coptis(Coptis chinensis) gold maple (Dipteronia sinensis)octagonal lotus(Dysosm a versipellis)Euptelea(Euptelea pleiospermum)Gastrodia(Gastrodia elata )Magnolia(Magnolia officinalis)fan fern(Meocheiropteris palmatopedata) Huang Xue (Phelloclendron amurense) Weeping spruce (Picea brachytyla)species of bamboo Bamboo(Qiongzhuea tumidinoda)large-leaved willow(Salix magnifica)Trillium(Trillium tschonoskii).
(3) plant resources:dense forest in Wolong Nature Reserve, nearly two million cubic meters of wood volume, there are 870 kinds of medicinal plants, medicinal herbs are important areas of Sichuan, Tianma,Fritillaria, medusa,astragalusand other herbs yield valuable rich. 80 grease plants, 42 kinds of starch and sugar plants, fiber plants 60 species, tannin 42 species of plants, 28 species of aromatic plants, in addition, Wolong has produced a large number of edible fungi, fern moss, constitute part of the game delicacies.
Animal Resources
Protected areas have a variety of 50 kinds of mammals, 300 kinds of birds, in addition to a large number of reptiles, amphibians and insects. Regional distribution of one-tenth of the total giant panda, known as "the hometown of giant pandas." In addition to giant pandas, there are golden monkey,takin,white-lipped deer, red pandas,snow leopards,deer,monkeys,macaques,Temminck's Tragopan,Cangma chicken,stone marten,a large civet,small Indian Civet,lynx,forest musk deer,tufted deer,golden eagle,Tibetan snow cock,the blood pheasantand dozens of species of rare wild animals. Variety of birds, accounting for 50% of special birds. Is the world's most ancient species save one of the most intact. These animals live mainly in the 2200 to 3600 meters the climate was cool and the arrow bamboo forest and mixed forest zone.
1, the animal community:the Wolong Nature Reserve fauna composition, with the increase of the Friends of the sea, the Oriental component decreased, while the Palaearctic component gradually increased, according to the region's various natural factors and types of animals, flora and composition, geographical distribution of animals can be divided into the following five types of groups:
(1) South Kerry wet subtropical fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 1150-2000 meters in evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, floristic composition is mainlythe Orientalspecies, a small amount ofPalaearcticspecies and widespread species. Animal communities geographical area by quarter of negative subtropical broad-leaved forest and shrub fauna composition. Semi-arboreal life, there is the South Asian tropicalclouded leopard, the monkeys warm temperate, subtropical in the Tibetan macaque, subtropical Golden Pheasant, widely distributed in thekite, as well as the northern boundary of the ancientSparrowhawk,Besra,Red-footed Falcon,Liu collar owl,spotted owl head Liuand other birds of prey, shrub-type animals monsoon regionleopard,yellow throated marten, northern subtropicalgolden cat, civet cat in a large subtropical, Small Indian Civet, South tropicaljackalsand deer. Stream aquatic fish-eating are theotters, birds swimduckand ferocity of rare fish - the Sichuan-Shaanxi taimen.
(2) The optimum temperature of the fauna of North and South:Distribution of 2000-2600 m in elevation mixed coniferous belt. Flora of animals compared with the previous band, the Oriental species began to decline, while the monsoon region Palaearctic species increased geographical optimum temperature of the animal community is a coniferous shrub fauna composition of arboreal species such as Southwest old animals unique golden monkey, golden eagles and birds of prey kite, etc. In addition to widespread species, the mainly Palaearctic species such as sparrow, song sparrow,common buzzard,brown-tail buzzard,vulture,black eagle, red-footed Falcon,Eagle Owl,Grey Owl, etc., are semi-arboreal tropical South Asia, the clouded leopard, in the temperate zone of theblack bearand northern subtropical golden cats, fierce animals, Oriental red Tragopan, the ancient northern boundary of thespoon chicken, blood pheasant and so on. Shrub life of the main Himalayan mountain range is a type of giant panda, red panda, musk deer, etc., as well as the South Asian tropical deer, yellow-throated marten monsoon region and so on, the cliff edge of forest activities, mainly North subtropicalserow.
(3) northern cold temperate fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 2600-3600 meters, coniferous forest. Flora, the beasts of the Oriental and Palaearctic elements mixed ingredients mixed half and birds, are mainly Palaearctic species, arboreal species are mainly Palaearctic species such ashazel grouse spotted tail, blood pheasant, eagle Owl, Grey Owl, Besra, brown tail buzzard, Common Buzzard, spotted eagle, etc., plus a small amount of the Oriental species such as golden monkeys,red falconand widespread species such as golden eagles and so on. Shrub live mainly pandas and red pandas, a highland forest edge type ofbrown bear, musk deer, forest edge of cliffs, peaks and rock between the activities of a serow,goral,blue sheepand so on.
(4) cold highland fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 3600-4400 m in alpine shrub meadow. Flora is mainly Palaearctic species, except a few outside the Southwest and northern species, mainly highland plateau-type animals, the species are takin Southwest Mountain,Green Rainbow Pheasant Tail, Cangma chickens, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau The types of high-type white-lipped deer,the white hip deer, snow leopard,musk deer, blue sheep,pheasant quailand other northern type of stone marten, a rabbit in the macaque and other subtypes, in addition to the northern boundary of the ancient common buzzard, vulture ,Hu vulturesand other large birds of prey.
(5) resistance to the Tibetan Plateau alpine fauna:the distribution of more than 4400 meters in altitude scree with sparse vegetation. Such as snow leopard, white-lipped deer, white hip deer, blue sheep, snow partridge, Tibetan snow cock and so on. They are all the types of the Tibetan Plateau eastward.
2, the animal resources the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked withChina West Normal UniversityDepartment of Biology, Research Institute of Rare Animals and Plants inspection, recorded about 2,200 animals, including insects, about 1,700 species of 437 kinds of vertebrates. 7 orders, 23 families with mammals 109 species or subspecies, representing 50% of species in Sichuan; birds, 281 kinds of 43 families and 13 orders, 3 sub-species, accounting for 52% of species in Sichuan; 1 5 families of reptiles 21 species; 2 amphibian orders, 5 families and 18 species; fish 11 3 5 families.
(1) species diversity:
(2) rare and endangered animals:the Wolong Nature Reserve, the special natural environment and geographical location, save a lot of children left the old animals, is the main distribution area of the giant panda, the number of giant pandas about 10% of the national total, State protection as rare and endangered 57 species of higher animals, including a giant panda protection (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) and other 13 species. There are two protected monkeys,Tibetan macaque, etc. 44.
(3) Animal Resources:Wolong Nature Reserve is not only a wide variety of animals, and many species have a large number of high economic value, by purpose can be divided into the following types:
a. View of sleep animals:such animals, bright colors or body shape is too cute, mammals such as giant panda, lesser panda, golden monkey and other birds such as theGolden Pheasant, Temminck's Tragopan and other insects such as the variety of butterflies and so on. And some animal horns or feathers can be made decorations.
b. fur animals:such animals, such as the production of fur skins, leather, feather and so on, such as the tufted deer,Hong Ferret, yellow throated marten, takin, and a variety of birds, snakes and so on.
c. medicinal animals:a lot of precious Chinese medicine come from the village of animals such asmusk,antler,bear bile,leopard bone,hedgehog,bird's nest,gall bladder, etc., Wolong has a wealth of storage production.
d. meat animals:the value of most vertebrates have meat. Game Treasures ofcivet cats,dovesand other widely distributed not only in Wolong, and quantity.
e. other beneficial animals: mainly some, such as birds of prey eat rodents, snakes and other carnivorous animals, such as a number of carnivorous mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc., these animals to prevent rodents and forest pests and diseases such a significant role.
3, important species 86 species are 7 orders, 24 families were recorded, includingrodents7 families, 26 species ofcarnivores,23 species of 7 families,Insectivora3 families, 14 species ofArtiodactylathree families and 12 species ofChiroptera2, 6 species,rabbit Passeriformes1 Division 2,primates1 Section 3.
Beasts
Flora composition is complex, it has both types of the North (such asthe northern boundary of the wholeuniquepika families,jerboa Divisionand is mainly distributed in the whole northern boundary of themole Branch), also has a south type (such as the Old World tropical - subtropical uniqueRhizomys Divisionand mainly distributed in the regionmonkey subjects,civet Divisionandporcupines Branch), more mountain range - the Himalayas, there are special or mainly distributed in the area of animals, such as giant panda, red panda Sichuan water musk shrew, shrews and other fin.
Mammal fauna from the affiliation of view, can be divided into the following types:
(1) Palearctic species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Palaearctic species, 26 species of mammal species are known to account for the number of protected areas of 30.21%, such as wolves, foxes, and other Tibetan pika and blue sheep.
(2) Oriental species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Oriental species, 54 species, accounting for 62.79%, Taiwan's Ma Tieju horseshoe bat, macaques, monkeys, golden cat, clouded leopard, giant panda, red panda, Anourosorex shrews and tufted deer.
(3) widespread species: widely distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental sector 3, ie Hong weasel, wild boar and Mus musculus, accounting for 3.5% of protected areas.
(4) Flora affiliation unknown 3, accounting for 3.5%.
As the relative altitude terrain in this area changes, the vertical distribution significantly different mammals. The trend is increasing with altitude, the vertical decreases with the number of mammal species, Palearctic species increased, Oriental species, widely distributed species decreased. In addition to alpine shrub meadow, each with the Oriental species is dominant, accounting for more than 75% of species, and Palearctic species were more than 21%.
Mammals, many species are the main production of specialty or rare animals, which belong to the state of a class protected animals are panda, golden monkey, white-lipped deer, wildebeest and the other four, the number except the exterior and the larger white-lipped deer; belong to the state second-class protection of animals are monkeys, macaques, red pandas, Steppe Cat, golden cat, lynx, clouded leopard, leopard, snow leopard, musk deer, musk deer, tufted deer, deer, white deer, hip 14; belong to the state There are three types of protected animals stone marten, large civet, small Indian Civet, goral, serow, blue sheep and other six.
In addition to the protection of the state animals, animal fur and leather were used in 22 animal species, such as yellow weasel, red fox, yellow throated marten, raccoon dog, civet cat, leopard cat, deer, jackals and hog and so on. Medicinal animal species are more, many of which are national protected animals such as musk deer, musk deer, deer and white-lipped deer; Moreover, as the monkey, leopard, serow, and goral horn or bone, etc. can be used as medicine.
Birds There are 232 kinds of birds in the area and the other three sub-species belonging to 13 orders, 38 families, including 212 breeding birds, 20 species of non-breeding birds. In breeding birds, its flora affiliation is divided into three types:
(1) Palearctic species: 113 species, accounting for the number of breeding bird species, 53.3%;
(2) Oriental species: 85 species, accounting for 40.1%;
(3) widespread species: 14 species, accounting for 6.6%.
Birds in the area flora, the Palaearctic and the Oriental type of mutual penetration, mixing is very obvious. For example, there are areas north PalaearcticSwift, there is a typical Tibetan type ofsnow, quail, snow cock, pheasant quail,rock pipit,Lin Ling, bird,bird of high mountainsand a variety ofSuzaku, etc.; there are North-basedTurnery birds, cattle mining Shrike, etc.; there are the Oriental and the southwest region of unique species, such as blood pheasant, green tail Monal, spot tail hazel grouse, etc.; also in the Oriental particularly prosperous and distributed in this area thrush class,Sansho birdsandsunbirds, etc.; there are mainly distributed in the central area of the Golden Pheasant.
The vertical band of birds and the population substitution clear from the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest to the alpine shrub meadow, the ancient northern species of breeding bird species and the total number of species gradually increase the percentage of each species with the Oriental Its share of the numbers of species with the percentage of breeding bird species decreased with increasing altitude; widely distributed species and their percentage of the numbers of species also increased with altitude and significantly reduced.
In protected areas are also many rare birds, belong to the state second-class protected animals are Temminck's Tragopan, Monal green tail, Cangma three kinds of chicken; belong to the state there are three types of protected animals golden eagles,blue horse chicken, Blood Pheasant three. Area has 29 species of birds specialty, accounting for 50% of specialty birds, such as hazel spot tail chicken, pheasant quail, pheasant green tail rainbow,orange-winged Garrulax,burgundy Suzakuand so on. With birds, 20 species of birds, mostly pheasants, eagle carving class, especially the pheasant species in up to 11 different kinds, the larger the number, it is important to hunting birds. In protected areas, only 69 insectivorous birds to species, in addition to eagles, owls and so on.
Reptiles
Reptiles in this area 14 species belonging to 2 orders, 5 families, of which three kinds of lizards that Sphenomorphus dragonfly,Kangding slippery lizardandwhite striped grass lizards; 11 species of snakes thatsnake Meigu ridge,horizontal stripes rat snake,Zi Hui Jin snake, snake neck slot,ramp scales snakes,emerald green snake,snake, Fujian carotid plaque,black snake,the snake Li Wen, cauliflower iron head, iron mountain top. Meigu ridge where the snake, rat snake found only in horizontal stripes of Sichuan, the western margin of Sichuan Basin may be endemic to the mountains. Oriental region are the components of reptiles.
Most snakes are distributed in the altitude of 2,500 meters below theregion, there is a snake tip cauliflower, the dominant species in protected areas. Sphenomorphus dragonfly, ramp scales, snake, snakes and other neck tank is a common species.
Amphibians Amphibians in this area a total of 10 species belonging to 2 orders, 4 of whichhave Anurais astream salamander in Tibet;Anuranine, that isShaping horned toad, frog and more top-dens,tooth Baoxing toad, Bufo West,marsh frog,Rana Japan, smelly flower frog,Rana turbulent Li County,Sichuan Amolopsand so on.
Described for amphibians on the flora of view, are the Oriental ingredients, Shaping horned toad, frog, and dens Jinding Amolops Li County is a kind of four-Trent. Shaping horned toad is currently only distributed in the mountainous western edge of Sichuan Basin, Jinding dens laevis early decades ago for the first time found in the Emei Golden Summit, here is the second of its distribution area.Stream salamander, toad, West China, Sichuan Amolops mainly distributed in southwest area; Baoxing teeth toad is currently only distributed in Sichuan, Gansu; other species mainly distributed in China in the area, Southern China.
Fish
6 species of thehomogeneous population Schizothorax,re-export Schizothorax, thin tail section loach, grouper and two unnamed Select Committee of thearticle Loach, belonging to 3 families and 2.
River region is short, a large gradient, waterfalls and more fast-flowing, low water temperature, poor food organisms, it is not rich in fish resources, no fisheries value. Because of natural conditions and the impact of human activities, the six fish in the distribution of protected areas varies. Six fish were distributed in the Sanjiang; in the River, River's middle reaches, only two articles Loach grouper Select Committee and the distribution of fast-flowing upstream, has not yet found in fish.
Six types of fish are settled fish fauna dependent on their relations, two and three articles Schizothorax Loach Central Plateau Mountain flora is complex, is a high cold water fish species in the Palaearctic composition; Indian Mountain grouper Select Committee flora is complex, is to adapt a typical representative of the water jet, an Oriental ingredients. So the fish should be protected areas Palaearctic, but the type of individual into the Oriental.
Development Plan
Wolong Nature Reserve was founded in 1963, an area of 20,000 hectares, is the first comprehensive set of national protected areas. Expand the area in March 1974 to 20 million hectares. 1980, joined the UNESCO "Man and Biosphere" protected area network, and cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund to establish China Giant Panda Protection Research Center. 3, 1983 approved in State Department, the Wolong Wolong in Wenchuan County in protected areas, Geng up to two communes in Wolong in Wenchuan County designated as a Special Administrative Region, the implementation of Department of the provincial system of dual leadership, hosted by the Forestry Department. In the same year in July, the provincial government, the former Ministry of Forestry will be made jointly Sichuan Province Wenchuan Wolong Wolong in Sichuan Province Special Administrative Region to the decision of the Special Administrative Region, and the Wolong Nature Reserve Administration under one roof with an integrated management system.
Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province named countries and the "popular science education base," "patriotic education base."
Over the years, the Wolong Nature Reserve to focus on building first-class national nature reserve targets, adhere to the protection and rational utilization of the principle of active protection, scientific research, community building work, the giant panda based wildlife and alpine ecology systems are effectively protected. Especially the giant panda research breakthrough has been made, from 1990 to 2001 succeeded in artificial breeding giant pandas have been 34 births, 51 Aberdeen, Aberdeen survived 42 and launched a worldwide giant panda adoption activities, protected areas, positive seek foreign cooperation, the establishment of cooperation development, is now with Shandong Luneng Xinyi Tourism Group signed a development agreement completed by 2005 and strive to achieve the victory target of eco-tourism giant. Currently, the effective development of regional economy, people's living standards improved significantly. A fundamental improvement of infrastructure, construction and development of protected areas in line with China's national conditions to the direction of a virtuous circle.
Soil type
Wolong Nature Reserve, changing soil development conditions, the vertical of climate and vegetation change, from the valley to the summit, formed from the subtropical to the periglacial environment of various soil types.
1, the mountain yellow soil:growth in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, located 1150-1600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sand, quartz sand, organic matter content of 15-20%, PH is 5.8-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg the main exchange capacity of 40-50 meq / 100 g soil, soil surface litter 3-6 cm thick.
2, the mountain yellow brown soil:growth in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, the distribution of 1600-2000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, organic matter content of 10%, PH is 5.8-6.5 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg-based, exchange capacity of 20-50 meq / 100 grams of soil, soil surface litter thickness of 10 cm.
3, mountain brown soil:growth in the secondary broad-leaved and mixed coniferous forest, 1900-2300 m above sea level distribution, soil parent materials for the sandy slate, phyllite, quartz sand sculpture, organic matter content of 2-8% PH is 6-6.5, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity of 20-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, litter thickness of 10-15 cm.
4, the mountain dark brown soil:developed in broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and distribution 2100-2600 meters above sea level, soil parent materials as phyllite, sandstone, slate, soil organic matter content of 5-15%, PH is 5.2-5.7, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 15-20 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 20 cm.
5, mountain brown coniferous forest soil:developed in the coniferous forest, distributed elevation of 2600-3600 meters, soil parent materials of sandstone, slate, phyllite, organic matter content of 8-24%, PH is 4-6.0 , cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na, Pb-based, exchange capacity of 10-40 meq / 100 grams of soil, surface litter layer thickness of 25 centimeters.
6, five alpine meadow soil:developed in the cold alpine shrub and meadow vegetation in vaginal discharge, distribution ofelevation of3600-3900 meters, soil parent material is sandstone, phyllite, quartz sand, organic matter content of 18%, PH 5.7 -6.1, cation exchange with Ca, Mg, Na-based, exchange capacity equivalent to 32 mg / 100 grams of soil, soil gravel content of 70% or so.
7, alpine meadow soil:development of vaginal discharge in the alpine meadow, distribution 3900-4400 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, about 19% of soil organic matter content, PH is 5.8-6.3, cation exchange to Ca, Mg, Na main exchange capacity of 10-39 meq / 100 g soil, gravel content in soil more than 70%.
8, alpine cold desert soil:development of sparse vegetation in the alpine scree vaginal discharge, distribution of 4400-5000 meters above sea level, soil parent materials of sandstone, phyllite, quartz sandstone, soil organic matter content of 1-3%, PH is 6.8-7.0 , cation exchange with K, Ca-based, soil gravel content of 80% or more.
Plants
Wolong Nature Reserve covering an area of 118,000 hectares, accounting for 56.7% of the total area protected, shrub cover an area of about 30,400 ha, resulting in complex natural conditions of plant species and community diversity.
1, the natural vegetation:Wolong Nature Reserve, ancient origin of flora, with more endemic genera and sub relic plants. According to the plant species composition and physical characteristics of vegetation, the vegetation Wolong 6 can be divided into the following types:
(1) evergreen broad-leaved forest:1600 m above sea level located in the following sections, the main constructive species of Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae and holly plants. Forest with a small amount of the Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae Aceraceae deciduous broad-leaved species such as the understory of white folder with a large area of bamboo (Phyllostachys nidularia) oil bamboo (Fargesia angustissima) and the walking stick bamboo (Fargesia rebusta), evergreen vegetation appearance , no significant seasonal variation.
(2) evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest:distribution at an altitude of 1600-2000 meters in the lot, dominant species, are evergreen Fagaceae, Lauraceae and other species, leaves are Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Aceraceae, etc. species, local area Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) dove (Davidia involucrata) water Aoki (Te tracentron sinense) Euptelea (Euptelea pleiospermum) and other rare plants associated with the ancient relic, the lower the stick of bamboo-based forest vegetation appearance of the season changed significantly, dark green and light green and white spring and summer, autumn is green, yellow, red, brown and other colors tainted all winter only a small amount of green canopy decorated in white world.
(3) needle, broad-leaved mixed forest:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 2000-2600 meters, the constructive species, the tree species are red birch (Betul albo-sinensis) maple tree (Acer spp.)possession of thorn hazel(Corylus forox) linden Tree (Ti lia chinensis) and so on, coniferous trees are Tsuga (Tsuga spp.) Table hanging fir (Picea brachytyla) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mastersiana) pine (Pinus spp.), etc., are widely distributed in the understory of bamboo cane, local area big bamboo (Yushania ch ungii) cold bamboo (Bashania fangiana), a significant seasonal variation of the appearance of vegetation, spring and summer were light green, the colorful spots À autumn to early winter, constitute a major scene in Wolong Nature Reserve.
(4), cold temperate coniferous forest:Distribution of 2600-3600 meters above sea level the lot, built a table hanging fir species, a variety of fir (Abies spp.) side branches Park (Sabina saltuaria) Sichuan red fir, large forest cold bamboo area, the region accounts for about 50% of the total area of bamboo in some areas there are large bamboo, Fargesia nitida (Fargesia nifida), appearance of dark green vegetation, the season did not change significantly.
(8), hardy shrub and alpine meadow:Distribution of 3600-4400 meters above sea level, cold and bushes of purple rhododendron D (Rhododendron violaceum) in Ngau Tau willow (Salix dissa) twigs Spiraea (Spiraea myrtlloides) West Bank Lu Mei ( Potentilla glabra) andCedar(Sabina pingil) mainly alpine meadow are: toPolygonum(Polygonum viviparum) consisting mainly of weeds meadow tofescue(Festuca ov ina) consisting mainly of grass meadow to dwarf humilis (Kobresia humilis) dominated sedge meadow, summer blossom scenery.
(6) rocky mountain streams with sparse vegetation:Distribution of the lot at an altitude of 4400-5000 meters, mainly by hairy, fleshy herb short composition, such as a variety of Saussurea (Saussurea spp.) variety of cheap, ear grass (Saxifrag a spp .) variety ofRhodiola(Rhodiola spp.)flea suffix(Arenaria spp.)Androsace(Andresace spp.), in addition to a small number of lichens and bryophytes.
2, Plants the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked with Nanchong Normal College, co-exploration, collection numbers more than 5,000 plant specimens, more than 20,000 copies, has identified nearly 4,000 species of plant species number; the discovery of new species and varieties 10, 217 recorded higher plant families, 814 genera, 1989 species, of which, 174 bryophytes, accounting for 8.29% of Sichuan species, 191 species of ferns, the number of species accounting for about 8.3% 20.0% of species in Sichuan, 1,604 kinds of angiosperms, accounting for about 6.6% of species, species of 18.98% in Sichuan.
(1) species diversity:
(2) Rare and Endangered Plants:Wolong Nature Reserve have state protection 245 kinds of rare and endangered plants, which is a national level to protect adove(Davidia involucrata Baillon)Metasequoia(Metasequ oia glyptostroboides Cheng), a secondary protectionsinensis(Bretschneidera sinensis)Cercidiphyllum(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)of light leaf involucrata(Davidiainvolucrata var. vilmoriniana)henryi(Emmenopterys henryi)Eucommia(Eucommia ulmoides)Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)walnut(Juglans sp.) Sichuan Sequoia (Larix mas tersiana ) Water Aoki (Tetracentron sinense), three levels of protection are: Astragalus (Astrgal us menbranaceus)Coptis(Coptis chinensis) gold maple (Dipteronia sinensis)octagonal lotus(Dysosm a versipellis)Euptelea(Euptelea pleiospermum)Gastrodia(Gastrodia elata )Magnolia(Magnolia officinalis)fan fern(Meocheiropteris palmatopedata) Huang Xue (Phelloclendron amurense) Weeping spruce (Picea brachytyla)species of bamboo Bamboo(Qiongzhuea tumidinoda)large-leaved willow(Salix magnifica)Trillium(Trillium tschonoskii).
(3) plant resources:dense forest in Wolong Nature Reserve, nearly two million cubic meters of wood volume, there are 870 kinds of medicinal plants, medicinal herbs are important areas of Sichuan, Tianma,Fritillaria, medusa,astragalusand other herbs yield valuable rich. 80 grease plants, 42 kinds of starch and sugar plants, fiber plants 60 species, tannin 42 species of plants, 28 species of aromatic plants, in addition, Wolong has produced a large number of edible fungi, fern moss, constitute part of the game delicacies.
Animal Resources
Protected areas have a variety of 50 kinds of mammals, 300 kinds of birds, in addition to a large number of reptiles, amphibians and insects. Regional distribution of one-tenth of the total giant panda, known as "the hometown of giant pandas." In addition to giant pandas, there are golden monkey,takin,white-lipped deer, red pandas,snow leopards,deer,monkeys,macaques,Temminck's Tragopan,Cangma chicken,stone marten,a large civet,small Indian Civet,lynx,forest musk deer,tufted deer,golden eagle,Tibetan snow cock,the blood pheasantand dozens of species of rare wild animals. Variety of birds, accounting for 50% of special birds. Is the world's most ancient species save one of the most intact. These animals live mainly in the 2200 to 3600 meters the climate was cool and the arrow bamboo forest and mixed forest zone.
1, the animal community:the Wolong Nature Reserve fauna composition, with the increase of the Friends of the sea, the Oriental component decreased, while the Palaearctic component gradually increased, according to the region's various natural factors and types of animals, flora and composition, geographical distribution of animals can be divided into the following five types of groups:
(1) South Kerry wet subtropical fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 1150-2000 meters in evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, floristic composition is mainlythe Orientalspecies, a small amount ofPalaearcticspecies and widespread species. Animal communities geographical area by quarter of negative subtropical broad-leaved forest and shrub fauna composition. Semi-arboreal life, there is the South Asian tropicalclouded leopard, the monkeys warm temperate, subtropical in the Tibetan macaque, subtropical Golden Pheasant, widely distributed in thekite, as well as the northern boundary of the ancientSparrowhawk,Besra,Red-footed Falcon,Liu collar owl,spotted owl head Liuand other birds of prey, shrub-type animals monsoon regionleopard,yellow throated marten, northern subtropicalgolden cat, civet cat in a large subtropical, Small Indian Civet, South tropicaljackalsand deer. Stream aquatic fish-eating are theotters, birds swimduckand ferocity of rare fish - the Sichuan-Shaanxi taimen.
(2) The optimum temperature of the fauna of North and South:Distribution of 2000-2600 m in elevation mixed coniferous belt. Flora of animals compared with the previous band, the Oriental species began to decline, while the monsoon region Palaearctic species increased geographical optimum temperature of the animal community is a coniferous shrub fauna composition of arboreal species such as Southwest old animals unique golden monkey, golden eagles and birds of prey kite, etc. In addition to widespread species, the mainly Palaearctic species such as sparrow, song sparrow,common buzzard,brown-tail buzzard,vulture,black eagle, red-footed Falcon,Eagle Owl,Grey Owl, etc., are semi-arboreal tropical South Asia, the clouded leopard, in the temperate zone of theblack bearand northern subtropical golden cats, fierce animals, Oriental red Tragopan, the ancient northern boundary of thespoon chicken, blood pheasant and so on. Shrub life of the main Himalayan mountain range is a type of giant panda, red panda, musk deer, etc., as well as the South Asian tropical deer, yellow-throated marten monsoon region and so on, the cliff edge of forest activities, mainly North subtropicalserow.
(3) northern cold temperate fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 2600-3600 meters, coniferous forest. Flora, the beasts of the Oriental and Palaearctic elements mixed ingredients mixed half and birds, are mainly Palaearctic species, arboreal species are mainly Palaearctic species such ashazel grouse spotted tail, blood pheasant, eagle Owl, Grey Owl, Besra, brown tail buzzard, Common Buzzard, spotted eagle, etc., plus a small amount of the Oriental species such as golden monkeys,red falconand widespread species such as golden eagles and so on. Shrub live mainly pandas and red pandas, a highland forest edge type ofbrown bear, musk deer, forest edge of cliffs, peaks and rock between the activities of a serow,goral,blue sheepand so on.
(4) cold highland fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 3600-4400 m in alpine shrub meadow. Flora is mainly Palaearctic species, except a few outside the Southwest and northern species, mainly highland plateau-type animals, the species are takin Southwest Mountain,Green Rainbow Pheasant Tail, Cangma chickens, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau The types of high-type white-lipped deer,the white hip deer, snow leopard,musk deer, blue sheep,pheasant quailand other northern type of stone marten, a rabbit in the macaque and other subtypes, in addition to the northern boundary of the ancient common buzzard, vulture ,Hu vulturesand other large birds of prey.
(5) resistance to the Tibetan Plateau alpine fauna:the distribution of more than 4400 meters in altitude scree with sparse vegetation. Such as snow leopard, white-lipped deer, white hip deer, blue sheep, snow partridge, Tibetan snow cock and so on. They are all the types of the Tibetan Plateau eastward.
2, the animal resources the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked withChina West Normal UniversityDepartment of Biology, Research Institute of Rare Animals and Plants inspection, recorded about 2,200 animals, including insects, about 1,700 species of 437 kinds of vertebrates. 7 orders, 23 families with mammals 109 species or subspecies, representing 50% of species in Sichuan; birds, 281 kinds of 43 families and 13 orders, 3 sub-species, accounting for 52% of species in Sichuan; 1 5 families of reptiles 21 species; 2 amphibian orders, 5 families and 18 species; fish 11 3 5 families.
(1) species diversity:
(2) rare and endangered animals:the Wolong Nature Reserve, the special natural environment and geographical location, save a lot of children left the old animals, is the main distribution area of the giant panda, the number of giant pandas about 10% of the national total, State protection as rare and endangered 57 species of higher animals, including a giant panda protection (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) and other 13 species. There are two protected monkeys,Tibetan macaque, etc. 44.
(3) Animal Resources:Wolong Nature Reserve is not only a wide variety of animals, and many species have a large number of high economic value, by purpose can be divided into the following types:
a. View of sleep animals:such animals, bright colors or body shape is too cute, mammals such as giant panda, lesser panda, golden monkey and other birds such as theGolden Pheasant, Temminck's Tragopan and other insects such as the variety of butterflies and so on. And some animal horns or feathers can be made decorations.
b. fur animals:such animals, such as the production of fur skins, leather, feather and so on, such as the tufted deer,Hong Ferret, yellow throated marten, takin, and a variety of birds, snakes and so on.
c. medicinal animals:a lot of precious Chinese medicine come from the village of animals such asmusk,antler,bear bile,leopard bone,hedgehog,bird's nest,gall bladder, etc., Wolong has a wealth of storage production.
d. meat animals:the value of most vertebrates have meat. Game Treasures ofcivet cats,dovesand other widely distributed not only in Wolong, and quantity.
e. other beneficial animals: mainly some, such as birds of prey eat rodents, snakes and other carnivorous animals, such as a number of carnivorous mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc., these animals to prevent rodents and forest pests and diseases such a significant role.
3, important species 86 species are 7 orders, 24 families were recorded, includingrodents7 families, 26 species ofcarnivores,23 species of 7 families,Insectivora3 families, 14 species ofArtiodactylathree families and 12 species ofChiroptera2, 6 species,rabbit Passeriformes1 Division 2,primates1 Section 3.
Beasts
Flora composition is complex, it has both types of the North (such asthe northern boundary of the wholeuniquepika families,jerboa Divisionand is mainly distributed in the whole northern boundary of themole Branch), also has a south type (such as the Old World tropical - subtropical uniqueRhizomys Divisionand mainly distributed in the regionmonkey subjects,civet Divisionandporcupines Branch), more mountain range - the Himalayas, there are special or mainly distributed in the area of animals, such as giant panda, red panda Sichuan water musk shrew, shrews and other fin.
Mammal fauna from the affiliation of view, can be divided into the following types:
(1) Palearctic species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Palaearctic species, 26 species of mammal species are known to account for the number of protected areas of 30.21%, such as wolves, foxes, and other Tibetan pika and blue sheep.
(2) Oriental species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Oriental species, 54 species, accounting for 62.79%, Taiwan's Ma Tieju horseshoe bat, macaques, monkeys, golden cat, clouded leopard, giant panda, red panda, Anourosorex shrews and tufted deer.
(3) widespread species: widely distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental sector 3, ie Hong weasel, wild boar and Mus musculus, accounting for 3.5% of protected areas.
(4) Flora affiliation unknown 3, accounting for 3.5%.
As the relative altitude terrain in this area changes, the vertical distribution significantly different mammals. The trend is increasing with altitude, the vertical decreases with the number of mammal species, Palearctic species increased, Oriental species, widely distributed species decreased. In addition to alpine shrub meadow, each with the Oriental species is dominant, accounting for more than 75% of species, and Palearctic species were more than 21%.
Mammals, many species are the main production of specialty or rare animals, which belong to the state of a class protected animals are panda, golden monkey, white-lipped deer, wildebeest and the other four, the number except the exterior and the larger white-lipped deer; belong to the state second-class protection of animals are monkeys, macaques, red pandas, Steppe Cat, golden cat, lynx, clouded leopard, leopard, snow leopard, musk deer, musk deer, tufted deer, deer, white deer, hip 14; belong to the state There are three types of protected animals stone marten, large civet, small Indian Civet, goral, serow, blue sheep and other six.
In addition to the protection of the state animals, animal fur and leather were used in 22 animal species, such as yellow weasel, red fox, yellow throated marten, raccoon dog, civet cat, leopard cat, deer, jackals and hog and so on. Medicinal animal species are more, many of which are national protected animals such as musk deer, musk deer, deer and white-lipped deer; Moreover, as the monkey, leopard, serow, and goral horn or bone, etc. can be used as medicine.
Birds There are 232 kinds of birds in the area and the other three sub-species belonging to 13 orders, 38 families, including 212 breeding birds, 20 species of non-breeding birds. In breeding birds, its flora affiliation is divided into three types:
(1) Palearctic species: 113 species, accounting for the number of breeding bird species, 53.3%;
(2) Oriental species: 85 species, accounting for 40.1%;
(3) widespread species: 14 species, accounting for 6.6%.
Birds in the area flora, the Palaearctic and the Oriental type of mutual penetration, mixing is very obvious. For example, there are areas north PalaearcticSwift, there is a typical Tibetan type ofsnow, quail, snow cock, pheasant quail,rock pipit,Lin Ling, bird,bird of high mountainsand a variety ofSuzaku, etc.; there are North-basedTurnery birds, cattle mining Shrike, etc.; there are the Oriental and the southwest region of unique species, such as blood pheasant, green tail Monal, spot tail hazel grouse, etc.; also in the Oriental particularly prosperous and distributed in this area thrush class,Sansho birdsandsunbirds, etc.; there are mainly distributed in the central area of the Golden Pheasant.
The vertical band of birds and the population substitution clear from the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest to the alpine shrub meadow, the ancient northern species of breeding bird species and the total number of species gradually increase the percentage of each species with the Oriental Its share of the numbers of species with the percentage of breeding bird species decreased with increasing altitude; widely distributed species and their percentage of the numbers of species also increased with altitude and significantly reduced.
In protected areas are also many rare birds, belong to the state second-class protected animals are Temminck's Tragopan, Monal green tail, Cangma three kinds of chicken; belong to the state there are three types of protected animals golden eagles,blue horse chicken, Blood Pheasant three. Area has 29 species of birds specialty, accounting for 50% of specialty birds, such as hazel spot tail chicken, pheasant quail, pheasant green tail rainbow,orange-winged Garrulax,burgundy Suzakuand so on. With birds, 20 species of birds, mostly pheasants, eagle carving class, especially the pheasant species in up to 11 different kinds, the larger the number, it is important to hunting birds. In protected areas, only 69 insectivorous birds to species, in addition to eagles, owls and so on.
Reptiles
Reptiles in this area 14 species belonging to 2 orders, 5 families, of which three kinds of lizards that Sphenomorphus dragonfly,Kangding slippery lizardandwhite striped grass lizards; 11 species of snakes thatsnake Meigu ridge,horizontal stripes rat snake,Zi Hui Jin snake, snake neck slot,ramp scales snakes,emerald green snake,snake, Fujian carotid plaque,black snake,the snake Li Wen, cauliflower iron head, iron mountain top. Meigu ridge where the snake, rat snake found only in horizontal stripes of Sichuan, the western margin of Sichuan Basin may be endemic to the mountains. Oriental region are the components of reptiles.
Most snakes are distributed in the altitude of 2,500 meters below theregion, there is a snake tip cauliflower, the dominant species in protected areas. Sphenomorphus dragonfly, ramp scales, snake, snakes and other neck tank is a common species.
Amphibians Amphibians in this area a total of 10 species belonging to 2 orders, 4 of whichhave Anurais astream salamander in Tibet;Anuranine, that isShaping horned toad, frog and more top-dens,tooth Baoxing toad, Bufo West,marsh frog,Rana Japan, smelly flower frog,Rana turbulent Li County,Sichuan Amolopsand so on.
Described for amphibians on the flora of view, are the Oriental ingredients, Shaping horned toad, frog, and dens Jinding Amolops Li County is a kind of four-Trent. Shaping horned toad is currently only distributed in the mountainous western edge of Sichuan Basin, Jinding dens laevis early decades ago for the first time found in the Emei Golden Summit, here is the second of its distribution area.Stream salamander, toad, West China, Sichuan Amolops mainly distributed in southwest area; Baoxing teeth toad is currently only distributed in Sichuan, Gansu; other species mainly distributed in China in the area, Southern China.
Fish
6 species of thehomogeneous population Schizothorax,re-export Schizothorax, thin tail section loach, grouper and two unnamed Select Committee of thearticle Loach, belonging to 3 families and 2.
River region is short, a large gradient, waterfalls and more fast-flowing, low water temperature, poor food organisms, it is not rich in fish resources, no fisheries value. Because of natural conditions and the impact of human activities, the six fish in the distribution of protected areas varies. Six fish were distributed in the Sanjiang; in the River, River's middle reaches, only two articles Loach grouper Select Committee and the distribution of fast-flowing upstream, has not yet found in fish.
Six types of fish are settled fish fauna dependent on their relations, two and three articles Schizothorax Loach Central Plateau Mountain flora is complex, is a high cold water fish species in the Palaearctic composition; Indian Mountain grouper Select Committee flora is complex, is to adapt a typical representative of the water jet, an Oriental ingredients. So the fish should be protected areas Palaearctic, but the type of individual into the Oriental.
Development Plan
Wolong Nature Reserve was founded in 1963, an area of 20,000 hectares, is the first comprehensive set of national protected areas. Expand the area in March 1974 to 20 million hectares. 1980, joined the UNESCO "Man and Biosphere" protected area network, and cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund to establish China Giant Panda Protection Research Center. 3, 1983 approved in State Department, the Wolong Wolong in Wenchuan County in protected areas, Geng up to two communes in Wolong in Wenchuan County designated as a Special Administrative Region, the implementation of Department of the provincial system of dual leadership, hosted by the Forestry Department. In the same year in July, the provincial government, the former Ministry of Forestry will be made jointly Sichuan Province Wenchuan Wolong Wolong in Sichuan Province Special Administrative Region to the decision of the Special Administrative Region, and the Wolong Nature Reserve Administration under one roof with an integrated management system.
Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province named countries and the "popular science education base," "patriotic education base."
Over the years, the Wolong Nature Reserve to focus on building first-class national nature reserve targets, adhere to the protection and rational utilization of the principle of active protection, scientific research, community building work, the giant panda based wildlife and alpine ecology systems are effectively protected. Especially the giant panda research breakthrough has been made, from 1990 to 2001 succeeded in artificial breeding giant pandas have been 34 births, 51 Aberdeen, Aberdeen survived 42 and launched a worldwide giant panda adoption activities, protected areas, positive seek foreign cooperation, the establishment of cooperation development, is now with Shandong Luneng Xinyi Tourism Group signed a development agreement completed by 2005 and strive to achieve the victory target of eco-tourism giant. Currently, the effective development of regional economy, people's living standards improved significantly. A fundamental improvement of infrastructure, construction and development of protected areas in line with China's national conditions to the direction of a virtuous circle.
Animal Resources
Protected areas have a variety of 50 kinds of mammals, 300 kinds of birds, in addition to a large number of reptiles, amphibians and insects. Regional distribution of one-tenth of the total giant panda, known as "the hometown of giant pandas." In addition to giant pandas, there are golden monkey,takin,white-lipped deer, red pandas,snow leopards,deer,monkeys,macaques,Temminck's Tragopan,Cangma chicken,stone marten,a large civet,small Indian Civet,lynx,forest musk deer,tufted deer,golden eagle,Tibetan snow cock,the blood pheasantand dozens of species of rare wild animals. Variety of birds, accounting for 50% of special birds. Is the world's most ancient species save one of the most intact. These animals live mainly in the 2200 to 3600 meters the climate was cool and the arrow bamboo forest and mixed forest zone.
1, the animal community:the Wolong Nature Reserve fauna composition, with the increase of the Friends of the sea, the Oriental component decreased, while the Palaearctic component gradually increased, according to the region's various natural factors and types of animals, flora and composition, geographical distribution of animals can be divided into the following five types of groups:
(1) South Kerry wet subtropical fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 1150-2000 meters in evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, floristic composition is mainlythe Orientalspecies, a small amount ofPalaearcticspecies and widespread species. Animal communities geographical area by quarter of negative subtropical broad-leaved forest and shrub fauna composition. Semi-arboreal life, there is the South Asian tropicalclouded leopard, the monkeys warm temperate, subtropical in the Tibetan macaque, subtropical Golden Pheasant, widely distributed in thekite, as well as the northern boundary of the ancientSparrowhawk,Besra,Red-footed Falcon,Liu collar owl,spotted owl head Liuand other birds of prey, shrub-type animals monsoon regionleopard,yellow throated marten, northern subtropicalgolden cat, civet cat in a large subtropical, Small Indian Civet, South tropicaljackalsand deer. Stream aquatic fish-eating are theotters, birds swimduckand ferocity of rare fish - the Sichuan-Shaanxi taimen.
(2) The optimum temperature of the fauna of North and South:Distribution of 2000-2600 m in elevation mixed coniferous belt. Flora of animals compared with the previous band, the Oriental species began to decline, while the monsoon region Palaearctic species increased geographical optimum temperature of the animal community is a coniferous shrub fauna composition of arboreal species such as Southwest old animals unique golden monkey, golden eagles and birds of prey kite, etc. In addition to widespread species, the mainly Palaearctic species such as sparrow, song sparrow,common buzzard,brown-tail buzzard,vulture,black eagle, red-footed Falcon,Eagle Owl,Grey Owl, etc., are semi-arboreal tropical South Asia, the clouded leopard, in the temperate zone of theblack bearand northern subtropical golden cats, fierce animals, Oriental red Tragopan, the ancient northern boundary of thespoon chicken, blood pheasant and so on. Shrub life of the main Himalayan mountain range is a type of giant panda, red panda, musk deer, etc., as well as the South Asian tropical deer, yellow-throated marten monsoon region and so on, the cliff edge of forest activities, mainly North subtropicalserow.
(3) northern cold temperate fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 2600-3600 meters, coniferous forest. Flora, the beasts of the Oriental and Palaearctic elements mixed ingredients mixed half and birds, are mainly Palaearctic species, arboreal species are mainly Palaearctic species such ashazel grouse spotted tail, blood pheasant, eagle Owl, Grey Owl, Besra, brown tail buzzard, Common Buzzard, spotted eagle, etc., plus a small amount of the Oriental species such as golden monkeys,red falconand widespread species such as golden eagles and so on. Shrub live mainly pandas and red pandas, a highland forest edge type ofbrown bear, musk deer, forest edge of cliffs, peaks and rock between the activities of a serow,goral,blue sheepand so on.
(4) cold highland fauna:the distribution at an altitude of 3600-4400 m in alpine shrub meadow. Flora is mainly Palaearctic species, except a few outside the Southwest and northern species, mainly highland plateau-type animals, the species are takin Southwest Mountain,Green Rainbow Pheasant Tail, Cangma chickens, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau The types of high-type white-lipped deer,the white hip deer, snow leopard,musk deer, blue sheep,pheasant quailand other northern type of stone marten, a rabbit in the macaque and other subtypes, in addition to the northern boundary of the ancient common buzzard, vulture ,Hu vulturesand other large birds of prey.
(5) resistance to the Tibetan Plateau alpine fauna:the distribution of more than 4400 meters in altitude scree with sparse vegetation. Such as snow leopard, white-lipped deer, white hip deer, blue sheep, snow partridge, Tibetan snow cock and so on. They are all the types of the Tibetan Plateau eastward.
2, the animal resources the Wolong Nature Reserve has worked withChina West Normal UniversityDepartment of Biology, Research Institute of Rare Animals and Plants inspection, recorded about 2,200 animals, including insects, about 1,700 species of 437 kinds of vertebrates. 7 orders, 23 families with mammals 109 species or subspecies, representing 50% of species in Sichuan; birds, 281 kinds of 43 families and 13 orders, 3 sub-species, accounting for 52% of species in Sichuan; 1 5 families of reptiles 21 species; 2 amphibian orders, 5 families and 18 species; fish 11 3 5 families.
(1) species diversity:
(2) rare and endangered animals:the Wolong Nature Reserve, the special natural environment and geographical location, save a lot of children left the old animals, is the main distribution area of the giant panda, the number of giant pandas about 10% of the national total, State protection as rare and endangered 57 species of higher animals, including a giant panda protection (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) and other 13 species. There are two protected monkeys,Tibetan macaque, etc. 44.
(3) Animal Resources:Wolong Nature Reserve is not only a wide variety of animals, and many species have a large number of high economic value, by purpose can be divided into the following types:
a. View of sleep animals:such animals, bright colors or body shape is too cute, mammals such as giant panda, lesser panda, golden monkey and other birds such as theGolden Pheasant, Temminck's Tragopan and other insects such as the variety of butterflies and so on. And some animal horns or feathers can be made decorations.
b. fur animals:such animals, such as the production of fur skins, leather, feather and so on, such as the tufted deer,Hong Ferret, yellow throated marten, takin, and a variety of birds, snakes and so on.
c. medicinal animals:a lot of precious Chinese medicine come from the village of animals such asmusk,antler,bear bile,leopard bone,hedgehog,bird's nest,gall bladder, etc., Wolong has a wealth of storage production.
d. meat animals:the value of most vertebrates have meat. Game Treasures ofcivet cats,dovesand other widely distributed not only in Wolong, and quantity.
e. other beneficial animals: mainly some, such as birds of prey eat rodents, snakes and other carnivorous animals, such as a number of carnivorous mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc., these animals to prevent rodents and forest pests and diseases such a significant role.
3, important species 86 species are 7 orders, 24 families were recorded, includingrodents7 families, 26 species ofcarnivores,23 species of 7 families,Insectivora3 families, 14 species ofArtiodactylathree families and 12 species ofChiroptera2, 6 species,rabbit Passeriformes1 Division 2,primates1 Section 3.
Beasts
Flora composition is complex, it has both types of the North (such asthe northern boundary of the wholeuniquepika families,jerboa Divisionand is mainly distributed in the whole northern boundary of themole Branch), also has a south type (such as the Old World tropical - subtropical uniqueRhizomys Divisionand mainly distributed in the regionmonkey subjects,civet Divisionandporcupines Branch), more mountain range - the Himalayas, there are special or mainly distributed in the area of animals, such as giant panda, red panda Sichuan water musk shrew, shrews and other fin.
Mammal fauna from the affiliation of view, can be divided into the following types:
(1) Palearctic species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Palaearctic species, 26 species of mammal species are known to account for the number of protected areas of 30.21%, such as wolves, foxes, and other Tibetan pika and blue sheep.
(2) Oriental species: mainly or exclusively distributed in the Oriental species, 54 species, accounting for 62.79%, Taiwan's Ma Tieju horseshoe bat, macaques, monkeys, golden cat, clouded leopard, giant panda, red panda, Anourosorex shrews and tufted deer.
(3) widespread species: widely distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental sector 3, ie Hong weasel, wild boar and Mus musculus, accounting for 3.5% of protected areas.
(4) Flora affiliation unknown 3, accounting for 3.5%.
As the relative altitude terrain in this area changes, the vertical distribution significantly different mammals. The trend is increasing with altitude, the vertical decreases with the number of mammal species, Palearctic species increased, Oriental species, widely distributed species decreased. In addition to alpine shrub meadow, each with the Oriental species is dominant, accounting for more than 75% of species, and Palearctic species were more than 21%.
Mammals, many species are the main production of specialty or rare animals, which belong to the state of a class protected animals are panda, golden monkey, white-lipped deer, wildebeest and the other four, the number except the exterior and the larger white-lipped deer; belong to the state second-class protection of animals are monkeys, macaques, red pandas, Steppe Cat, golden cat, lynx, clouded leopard, leopard, snow leopard, musk deer, musk deer, tufted deer, deer, white deer, hip 14; belong to the state There are three types of protected animals stone marten, large civet, small Indian Civet, goral, serow, blue sheep and other six.
In addition to the protection of the state animals, animal fur and leather were used in 22 animal species, such as yellow weasel, red fox, yellow throated marten, raccoon dog, civet cat, leopard cat, deer, jackals and hog and so on. Medicinal animal species are more, many of which are national protected animals such as musk deer, musk deer, deer and white-lipped deer; Moreover, as the monkey, leopard, serow, and goral horn or bone, etc. can be used as medicine.
Birds There are 232 kinds of birds in the area and the other three sub-species belonging to 13 orders, 38 families, including 212 breeding birds, 20 species of non-breeding birds. In breeding birds, its flora affiliation is divided into three types:
(1) Palearctic species: 113 species, accounting for the number of breeding bird species, 53.3%;
(2) Oriental species: 85 species, accounting for 40.1%;
(3) widespread species: 14 species, accounting for 6.6%.
Birds in the area flora, the Palaearctic and the Oriental type of mutual penetration, mixing is very obvious. For example, there are areas north PalaearcticSwift, there is a typical Tibetan type ofsnow, quail, snow cock, pheasant quail,rock pipit,Lin Ling, bird,bird of high mountainsand a variety ofSuzaku, etc.; there are North-basedTurnery birds, cattle mining Shrike, etc.; there are the Oriental and the southwest region of unique species, such as blood pheasant, green tail Monal, spot tail hazel grouse, etc.; also in the Oriental particularly prosperous and distributed in this area thrush class,Sansho birdsandsunbirds, etc.; there are mainly distributed in the central area of the Golden Pheasant.
The vertical band of birds and the population substitution clear from the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest to the alpine shrub meadow, the ancient northern species of breeding bird species and the total number of species gradually increase the percentage of each species with the Oriental Its share of the numbers of species with the percentage of breeding bird species decreased with increasing altitude; widely distributed species and their percentage of the numbers of species also increased with altitude and significantly reduced.
In protected areas are also many rare birds, belong to the state second-class protected animals are Temminck's Tragopan, Monal green tail, Cangma three kinds of chicken; belong to the state there are three types of protected animals golden eagles,blue horse chicken, Blood Pheasant three. Area has 29 species of birds specialty, accounting for 50% of specialty birds, such as hazel spot tail chicken, pheasant quail, pheasant green tail rainbow,orange-winged Garrulax,burgundy Suzakuand so on. With birds, 20 species of birds, mostly pheasants, eagle carving class, especially the pheasant species in up to 11 different kinds, the larger the number, it is important to hunting birds. In protected areas, only 69 insectivorous birds to species, in addition to eagles, owls and so on.
Reptiles
Reptiles in this area 14 species belonging to 2 orders, 5 families, of which three kinds of lizards that Sphenomorphus dragonfly,Kangding slippery lizardandwhite striped grass lizards; 11 species of snakes thatsnake Meigu ridge,horizontal stripes rat snake,Zi Hui Jin snake, snake neck slot,ramp scales snakes,emerald green snake,snake, Fujian carotid plaque,black snake,the snake Li Wen, cauliflower iron head, iron mountain top. Meigu ridge where the snake, rat snake found only in horizontal stripes of Sichuan, the western margin of Sichuan Basin may be endemic to the mountains. Oriental region are the components of reptiles.
Most snakes are distributed in the altitude of 2,500 meters below theregion, there is a snake tip cauliflower, the dominant species in protected areas. Sphenomorphus dragonfly, ramp scales, snake, snakes and other neck tank is a common species.
Amphibians Amphibians in this area a total of 10 species belonging to 2 orders, 4 of whichhave Anurais astream salamander in Tibet;Anuranine, that isShaping horned toad, frog and more top-dens,tooth Baoxing toad, Bufo West,marsh frog,Rana Japan, smelly flower frog,Rana turbulent Li County,Sichuan Amolopsand so on.
Described for amphibians on the flora of view, are the Oriental ingredients, Shaping horned toad, frog, and dens Jinding Amolops Li County is a kind of four-Trent. Shaping horned toad is currently only distributed in the mountainous western edge of Sichuan Basin, Jinding dens laevis early decades ago for the first time found in the Emei Golden Summit, here is the second of its distribution area.Stream salamander, toad, West China, Sichuan Amolops mainly distributed in southwest area; Baoxing teeth toad is currently only distributed in Sichuan, Gansu; other species mainly distributed in China in the area, Southern China.
Fish
6 species of thehomogeneous population Schizothorax,re-export Schizothorax, thin tail section loach, grouper and two unnamed Select Committee of thearticle Loach, belonging to 3 families and 2.
River region is short, a large gradient, waterfalls and more fast-flowing, low water temperature, poor food organisms, it is not rich in fish resources, no fisheries value. Because of natural conditions and the impact of human activities, the six fish in the distribution of protected areas varies. Six fish were distributed in the Sanjiang; in the River, River's middle reaches, only two articles Loach grouper Select Committee and the distribution of fast-flowing upstream, has not yet found in fish.
Six types of fish are settled fish fauna dependent on their relations, two and three articles Schizothorax Loach Central Plateau Mountain flora is complex, is a high cold water fish species in the Palaearctic composition; Indian Mountain grouper Select Committee flora is complex, is to adapt a typical representative of the water jet, an Oriental ingredients. So the fish should be protected areas Palaearctic, but the type of individual into the Oriental.
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